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Physics, M.4, momentum.

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... Read moreถ้าเพิ่งเริ่มเรียน “โมเมนตัม” ใน ม.4 อันนี้คือส่วนที่เราเคยงงแล้วเลยสรุปแบบเข้าใจง่ายให้ใช้ทำโจทย์ได้ทันทีนะ 1) โมเมนตัมคืออะไร + สูตรที่ต้องจำ โมเมนตัม (p หรือ P) คือ “ปริมาณการเคลื่อนที่” ของวัตถุ ขึ้นกับมวลและความเร็ว สูตรหลัก: P = m v หน่วย: kg·m/s (หรือ N·s ก็เท่ากัน) ข้อสำคัญ: โมเมนตัมเป็นเวกเตอร์ ต้องมีทิศทาง เลยต้องกำหนดเครื่องหมาย +/− ก่อนทำโจทย์ เช่น เลือกไปทางขวาเป็น + ถ้าวัตถุเคลื่อนที่กลับทิศก็เป็น − 2) การดล (Impulse) และแรงดล การดล (I) คือผลของแรงที่กระทำในช่วงเวลาสั้น ๆ ทำให้โมเมนตัมเปลี่ยน สูตรที่ใช้บ่อย: I = FΔt (กรณีแรงคงที่) และความสัมพันธ์สำคัญมาก: I = ΔP = Pหลัง − Pก่อน ดังนั้นถ้าโจทย์ให้ “มวล/ความเร็ว ก่อน-หลัง” ให้หาการดลจาก ΔP ได้เลย ไม่ต้องหา F ก่อนก็ได้ 3) กราฟแรง–เวลา (F–t) ออกสอบบ่อย จำประโยคเดียว: “พื้นที่ใต้กราฟ F–t = การดล I = การเปลี่ยนโมเมนตัม ΔP” ถ้ากราฟเป็นสี่เหลี่ยม: พื้นที่ = ฐาน(เวลา) × สูง(แรง) ถ้าเป็นสามเหลี่ยม: พื้นที่ = 1/2 × ฐาน × สูง ถ้าเป็นทราเปโซอิด: พื้นที่ = 1/2(แรงบน+แรงล่าง)×เวลา แล้วค่อยเอา I ไปหา Δv หรือ v หลังได้จาก I = m(vหลัง − vก่อน) 4) การชนและกฎอนุรักษ์โมเมนตัม หัวใจคือระบบปิด (แรงภายนอกน้อยมากช่วงชน) จะมี: ΣP ก่อนชน = ΣP หลังชน ทำโจทย์ให้ตั้งแกนทิศทางก่อน แล้วเขียนสมการรวมโมเมนตัมของทุกวัตถุ เช่น m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1' + m2v2' 5) ชนยืดหยุ่น vs ไม่ยืดหยุ่น (แยกให้ขาด) - ชนยืดหยุ่น (elastic): โมเมนตัมรวม “คงอยู่” และพลังงานจลน์รวม “คงอยู่” ด้วย (มักโจทย์ยากขึ้น) - ชนไม่ยืดหยุ่น (inelastic): โมเมนตัมรวมยังคงอยู่ แต่พลังงานจลน์ “ไม่คงอยู่” (บางส่วนเปลี่ยนเป็นความร้อน/เสียง/การเสียรูป) - ชนไม่ยืดหยุ่นสมบูรณ์: หลังชนติดกัน เคลื่อนที่ด้วยความเร็วเดียวกัน vร่วม 6) คำที่คนชอบสับสน: moment of inertia คำค้นอย่าง “moment of inertia สูตร / โมเมนต์ความเฉื่อย” เป็นคนละเรื่องกับโมเมนตัมตรง ๆ นะ (เป็นหัวข้อการหมุน) สัญลักษณ์คือ I เหมือนกันเลยทำให้งงได้ ในบทนี้ I ที่พูดถึงคือ “การดล” ไม่ใช่โมเมนต์ความเฉื่อย ทริคทำโจทย์เร็ว: เจอคำว่า “ชน/ดีด/เด้ง/ติดกัน” ให้คิดอนุรักษ์โมเมนตัมก่อนเสมอ และอย่าลืมใส่เครื่องหมายทิศทาง (+/−) ตั้งแต่บรรทัดแรก

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