Supporting Tissue: Bone
Bone carres out a number of important structural and phystotogical activities.
• it serves as an internal skeleton for support of the body
•It is the site of ettachment for muscles, tendons, and ligements.
• It offers protection of cranial, thorecic, and pelvic viscera.
• It is a center of blood-forming (hemopoletic) activity.
• It is a source of calcium needed by the body.
Bone is composed of:
• Osteoblasts: Developing bone cells that form new bone.
• Osteocytes: Bone cells formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it had osteoblast
• Osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells responsible for aged bone resorption. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are linked in the lifelong process of bone remodeling.
• Organic ground substance: Collagenous fibers, mucopolysaccharides.
• Inorganic (mineral) substance: Calcium and phosphate complexes.
Osteogenic cells are stem cells-
cells with the ability to develop into different types of specialized cells.
They are the only bone cells that divide. They differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which will form chondrocytes and secrete extracellular matrix to maintain cartilage.
Based on structural differences, there are two types of bone:
• Compact, or dense.
• Cancelious, or spongy.
These two types are essentially the same in constitution; the difference lies in the organization of the tissue.
In compact bone, the tissue is densely packed into cylindrical structures called osteons or haversian systems. Within their concentric rings of matrix, osteons have a central channel called the haversian canal, surrounding blood vessels, and nerve cells that facilitate communication in bone cells.
In cancellous bone, the tissue is arranged into thin trabeculae-tiny supportive struts with spaces between and among them. Haversian systems are absent in cancellous bone.
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Bone is not just a passive structure; it's an active participant in the body’s physiology. It provides a framework that supports organs and tissues, enabling mobility and protecting vital organs such as the brain and lungs. The intricate design of bone tissue allows for both strength and lightweight properties, crucial for overall efficiency in movement. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where osteoblasts and osteoclasts work in tandem to maintain bone health and density, adapting to the body’s needs during growth, activity, and aging. The distinction between compact and cancellous bone is significant: compact bone forms the outer layer, maximizing strength and resistance to external forces, while cancellous bone (often found at the ends of long bones and inside others) supports the bone structure and houses bone marrow, a vital site for blood cell production. The osteogenic cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, highlight the dynamic nature of bone. Understanding these processes and the importance of minerals such as calcium and phosphate further emphasizes the critical role of bone in maintaining overall health. Careful attention to nutrition and physical activity can significantly influence bone density and strength, especially during the developmental years and later in life.