Earth Planet (2025) : โลก, ดาวเคราะห์

Earth Planet

The world (English: Earth)

It is the third planet from the Sun

It is the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Based on radioactive dating and other evidence, Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Earth has gravitational interactions with other objects in space, particularly the Sun and the Moon, which is Earth's only permanent satellite. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2425 days, called a year, during which time Earth orbits its axis approximately 366.2425 times. Earth's axis is tilted, causing seasons on Earth's surface. The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon causes tides.

The oceans cause the rotation of the Earth on its axis Stability and gradual slowing down of the Earth's rotation It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four Earth-like planets. Earth's crust is made up of many different plates called tectonic plates that have been moving across the surface over millions of years. About 71 percent of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly oceans; the remaining 29 percent is It is a landmass consisting of continents and islands, with many lakes, rivers and other bodies of water forming the hydrosphere. The two polar regions are mostly covered by ice, including the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the sea ice of the polar ice caps. The interior of the Earth is dynamic, with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field, and a heat-conducting mantle that drives plate tectonics.

Within the first billion years, life appeared in the oceans and began to inhabit the atmosphere and surface of the planet, fostering the spread of aerobic as well as anaerobic life. Some geological evidence suggests that life may have arisen as early as 4.1 billion years ago. By then, Earth's position in the Solar System, Earth's physical properties, and its geological history had all combined to allow life to evolve and spread. Over Earth's history, biodiversity has undergone long periods of expansion, sometimes interrupted by mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species that once lived on Earth are now extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today range widely, and the majority are unidentified. Humans live on over 7.6 billion people. live on Earth and rely on its biosphere and natural resources for survival. Humans have developed a diverse range of societies and cultures. Politically, the world has over 200 sovereign states. Astrologically, the Earth is sometimes believed to be a planet, which is present today.

Name and etymology

The word "world" in Thai comes from the Pali word "lok" (lo-ka). There is no clear evidence of when Thais started using this word to refer to the world. However, it is believed that it was influenced and passed down through Buddhism. Originally, the word "world" did not only mean the world as a material object, but was used in many meanings, including "group", "group", "boundary", "all within the boundary", "boundary, dependence", "being", "being". If referring to the three worlds, they would mean the world of aggregates (the world is aggregates), animals (the world is animals), and the world of opportunity (the world is the land). At present, the word "world" is used to mean humans or human civilization (which is the same as the word "world" in English), in addition to the commonly used meaning of planets.

The word earth in modern English has evolved from various Middle English forms, which derive from the Old English noun eorðe, which has a common root in all Germanic and Proto-Germanic languages, forming *erpo. As early as 1600, eorðe was used to mean land, earth, dry land, the earth's surface (including the seas), and the world as a whole. Like terra and gaia, earth was considered a deity in Germanic-Angelian paganism, according to the Tacitus, among the followers of the god Naeuthus, and later in Norse mythology, Jörð, a giantess who married Odin and was the mother of Thor.

There are many other languages ​​that have a similar history to Thai, such as Lao, which also calls the world Lok (World). Currently, German uses the word for the world Erde (Erde), similar to Dutch Aarde (Earth), the Romance languages ​​Spanish use the word Tierra (Earth), similar to Italian which uses Terra (Earth) or French Terre (Earth).地球 (Chikyū Ji-kiw), Korean calls it 지구 (Jigu Chi-gu), and Sanskrit uses the word earth (Pathavi).

Timeline

birth of the world

The earliest objects found in the solar system date back to 4.5672±0.0006 billion years ago. The early Earth began to form 4.54±0.04 billion years ago. The formation and evolution of objects in the solar system together with the Sun. According to theory, the solar nebula separated a region from the molecular cloud by the collapse of gravity, which began to rotate and flatten into a disk around the star. Then the planets formed from that disk together with the Sun. The nebula is composed of gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to theory, the planetesimal nebula, or solid material that will give rise to planets, formed by growth and accumulation. The ancient Earth took 10-20 million years to form.

The moon was born approx.

4.53 billion years ago The Moon's formation is still a topic of current research. The leading hypothesis states that the Moon formed by accretion from Earth after a Mars-sized object called Theia struck Earth. This model estimates that about 10 percent of Earth's mass was ricocheted and some of it was incorporated into Earth between about 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago. A large number of asteroids hit during the last heavy bombardment, causing major changes to most of the Moon's surface and Earth's.

Geological history

Earth's atmosphere and oceans are formed by volcanic activity and outgassing processes. Water vapor from these two sources condenses and forms oceans, along with water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. In this model, 3.5 billion years ago, Earth's magnetic field protected the atmosphere from the solar wind. The Earth's crust formed when the molten outer layer of the Earth cooled and solidified. Two models explain how the land formed. One model suggests that the land gradually formed into its present form. The other, perhaps more likely, suggests that the land grew rapidly early in Earth's history due to the long-term existence of continental landmasses. The continents were formed by plate tectonics, a process caused by the continuous loss of heat from the Earth's interior over a period of hundreds of millions of years. Supercontinents joined and then broke apart about 750 million years ago. The first supercontinent, Rhodesia, began to break apart.

The continents reunited about 600 to 540 million years ago to form the supercontinent Pannosia, and the last, Pangaea, broke apart Around 180 million years ago.

The current pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago and intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 million years ago. Since then, high latitudes have experienced recurring cycles of glacial and thawing alternating with periods of glaciation and melting every 40,000 to 100,000 years. The last continental glaciation ended about 10,000 years ago.

Evolution of life on earth

It is expected that high energy chemical reactions This gave rise to self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. Half a billion years later, the last common ancestor of all life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed life to harvest energy directly from the sun. Molecular oxygen (02) produced by photosynthesis accumulated in the atmosphere and, under the influence of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, formed a layer of ozone (03) in the upper atmosphere. The fusion of smaller cells into larger ones gave rise to the development of complex cells called eukaryotes. Many living things

True cells arose when cells within a colony became more specialized because the ozone layer absorbed harmful ultraviolet radiation, allowing life to thrive on the Earth's surface. The first paleontological evidence of life on Earth is Fossilized microbial beds found in 3.48 billion year old sandstone in Western Australia.

Biographite in 3.7 billion year old metamorphic sedimentary rocks found in Western Greenland. The first direct evidence of life on Earth is in 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks that show microbial fossils.

During the Neoproterozoic Era, 750 to 580 million years ago, much of the Earth was covered by ice. This hypothesis has been called the "snowball world" and is particularly interesting because it predates the Cambrian explosion, when life became significantly more complex. 83 Since the Cambrian explosion, about 535 million years ago, there have been five major extinctions. 84 The most recent extinction event occurred 66 million years ago, when an asteroid impact wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles.

However, a few smaller animals survived, such as rodent-like mammals. Over the next 66 million years, mammals diversified into many branches, and millions of years ago, animals.

Similar to African tailless great apes such as Orrorintugenensis, they are able to stand with their bodies upright, enabling them to use tools and support their Intercommunication brings the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, leading to the evolution of the human species. Development Agriculture and later civilizations allowed humans to influence the world and nature, and the creation of a number of other life forms that still have an impact today.

The future of the world

Global catastrophic risks The long-term projected future of Earth is related to the future of the Sun. The Sun's brightness is projected to increase by 10 percent over the next 1.1 billion years, and by 40 percent over the next 3.5 billion years. Rising Earth's surface temperatures will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing greenhouse gas concentrations.

Carbon dioxide so much that plants cannot survive (10 parts per million in C4 photosynthetic plants). In about 500-900 million years, the lack of plants will result in oxygen disappearing from the atmosphere, making it impossible for animals to survive. After another billion years, the total amount of water on the earth's surface will be lost and the average temperature of the earth will rise to 70 degrees Celsius. It is estimated that the earth will be habitable for about another 500 million years from now, or it may be extended to 2.3 billion years if nitrogen is gone from the atmosphere. Although the sun is eternal and stable, more than 27 percent of the water in the oceans Currently, it will flow into the Earth's crust in one billion years because the water vapor emitted from the mid-ocean ridges will decrease.

The Sun will evolve into a red giant in about 5 billion years. Models predict that the Sun will expand by about 1 AU (1.5 billion kilometers), or about 250 times its current radius. The fate of Earth is unclear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose about 30 percent of its mass. Without the effects of tidal forces, Earth would orbit the Sun 1.7 AU (2.5 billion kilometers). At its maximum radius, most or all remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (up to about 5,000 times its current level). A 2008 simulation suggested that Earth's orbit would eventually decay due to tidal forces, dragging Earth into the Sun's atmosphere and evaporating.

Physical characteristics

Shape of the world

The world has a shape that is roughly like a "flat sphere". It is shaped like a sphere or spheroid. (English:spheroid) In mathematics, a three-dimensional quadratic surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about its major axis is called a prolate spheroid, which looks like a rugby ball or a grain of rice. If the ellipse is rotated about its minor axis, the surface is called an oblate spheroid, which looks like a rugby ball or a grain of rice If the ellipse is rotated about its minor axis, the surface is called an oblate spheroid, which looks like a rugby ball or a grain of rice. The Earth is flattened around its geographic axis and bulges around the equator. This bulge is the result of the Earth's rotation. The diameter at the equator is about 43 kilometers longer than the diameter at the north and south poles. The point farthest from the Earth's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador. Local topography has deviations from an ideal sphere, but on a global scale these deviations are negligible. The point with the greatest local deviation on the Earth's rocky surface is Mount Everest, with its elevation 8848 meters above mean sea level, representing a deviation of 0.14 percent, and the Mariana Trench at a depth of 10911 meters above sea level.

The geodetic average is 0.17 percent. In geometry, the true shape of the world's oceans, free from land and disturbing influences such as currents and winds, is called the geoid. The geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level Chemical composition

The abundance of chemical elements on Earth The Earth has a mass of approximately 5.97×1024 kg. It is mostly composed of Iron (32.1%).

Oxygen (30.1%) Silicon

(15.1 percent), magnesium (13.9 percent), sulfur (2.9 percent), nickel (1.8 percent), calcium (1.5 percent), and aluminium (1.4 percent). The remaining 1.2 percent consists of other elements in trace amounts. By mass fractionation, it is believed that the core was originally composed of 88.8 percent iron, with traces of nickel (about 5.8 percent), sulfur (4.5 percent), and less than 1 percent other rare elements.

The common rocks that make up the Earth's crust are almost entirely oxides, with chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine being the notable exceptions, and the total composition of these rocks is usually less than 1 percent. The principal oxide rocks are silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, iron oxides, potash, and soda.

Internal structure of the earth

The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on physical (rheological) or chemical properties, as on other terrestrial planets. The outer layer of the Earth is a hard silicate crust, clearly separated by chemical properties, with a hard, highly viscous mantle beneath. A Mohorovičić discontinuity separates the crust from the mantle. The crust ranges from about 6 km thick beneath the oceans to 30-50 km beneath the continents. The crust and the frozen top of the upper mantle are collectively called the lithosphere, from which the lithosphere is made. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low viscosity layer over which the lithosphere floats. Crystal structure changes in the mantle occur at depths of 410-660 km below the surface. This is a transition zone separating the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle is the core, a very low viscosity liquid outer layer above the core, and a solid inner layer. The inner core of the Earth may rotate at a slightly higher angular speed than the rest of the planet, at a rate of 0.1-0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth that of the Earth.

Earth's heat

The heat inside the Earth is the sum of the heat left over from the planet's accretion, about 20 percent, and the heat produced by radioactive decay. The main isotopes that produce heat inside the Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. At the center of the Earth, temperatures are estimated to be as high as 6,000 degrees Celsius and pressures as high as 360 gigapas. Because most of the heat comes from radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Earth's history, before the short-lived isotopes were exhausted, the Earth's heat production must have been much higher than it is today. It is estimated that about 3 billion years ago, the heat production was twice as high as it is today, which increased convection in the Earth's mantle and plate tectonics, and allowed some igneous rocks, such as komatite, to form, which are virtually non-existent today.

The average heat loss from the Earth is 87 milliwatts per square meter. For a total global heat loss of 4.42 x 1013 watts. Some of the heat energy from the core is transferred to the crust by mantle plumes, a type of convection caused by the upwelling of high-temperature rock. These plumes can form hotspots and basalt fields Most of the heat from the Earth's interior is lost to plate tectonics, by the upwelling of the mantle relative to mid-ocean ridges. The final major source of heat loss is through the lithosphere, which is present mainly beneath the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than the continental crust.

-

References

1. Aab Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 663-683.

Bibcode:1994A&A...282.663S

2. Aabede Staff (13 March 2021). "Useful Constants. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

3. Aabcdefghijklm Williams, David R. (15 November 2024). "Earth Fact Sheet, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2024.

4. Allen, Clabon Walter, Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer, p. 294. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.

Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

5. Park, Ryan (9 May 2022). "Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion, NASA/JPL Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

6. Various (2000). David R. Lide (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0481-1.

7. "Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011". The Astronomical Almanac. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

8. World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online Archivede 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.

9. Cazenave, Anny (1995). 'Geaid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" (PDF). In Ahrens, Thomas J (ed.). Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Bibcode:1995geph.conf.....A.

doi:10.1029/RF001, ISBN 978-0-87590-851-9, Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October

2006. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

10. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004). "General Definitions and Numerical Standards" (PDF). In McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard (eds.). IERS Conventions (2003) (PDF). Frankfurt am Main: Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-89888-884-4.

Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

11. Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010). "How WGS 84 defines Earth". Home Online. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.

12. Pidwiny, Michael (2 February 2006). "Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents. (Table 80-1). University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2007.

13. "Planetary Physical Parameters". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

14. The international system of units (SI) (PDF) (2008 ed.). United States Department of Commerce, NIST Special Publication 330. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.

15. Williams, James G. (1994), "Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation". The Astronomical Journal. 108:711. Bibcode:1994AJ... 108.711Wc.、 doi:10.1086/1171082. ISSN 0004-6256 S2CID 122370108

16. Allen, Clabon Walter, Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

17. Allen, Clabon Walter, Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

18. ^ "Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures. American Chemical Society, 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

19. ^ "World: Lowest Temperature". WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive, Arizona State University, Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

20. Jones, P. D.; Harpham, C. (2013). "Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (8): 3213-3217. Bibcode:2013JGRD 118.3213J doi:10.1002/jgrd.503593. ISSN 2169-8996

21. "World: Highest Temperature", WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University... Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2020.

22. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects. of Atomic Radiation (2008). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. New York: United Nations (published 2010), Table 1. ISBN 978-92-1-142274-0. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2012.

23. "earth, n. 1". Oxford English Dictionary (3 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2010. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001 ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.

24. Simek, Rudolf (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. D. S. Brewer. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7.

-

-

( Ph.D) 🇹🇭

Surveyor / Photographer

Ratcharinda Teachaprasarn🇹🇭

Survey coordinates:

Kohlanta, Island, Saladan Subdistrict, Koh Lanta District, Krabi Province Thailand🇹🇭

Compiled in English

By: Ratcharinda Teachaprasarn🇹🇭

KlearmillyInfinity8888🇹🇭

Klearmilly8888🇹🇭

Thailand 2025🇹🇭

June 27, 2025, 19 : 53  p.m🇹🇭

#StellariumThailand🇹🇭

#PhasesOfTheMoonThailand🇹🇭

#QueenOfTheUniverse👑🇹🇭

#ThailandBrandKingRama10👑🇹🇭

#Klearmilly8888🇹🇭

https://youtube.com/shorts/s0AC-mU02RI?si=IAQvu68NyYyL37S0

https://s.lemon8-app.com/al/GgjTspFThv