Solar eclipses in Thailand ðŸ‡đ🇭

Thailand has experienced three solar eclipses, which were the most significant recorded solar eclipses in world history.

The study of solar eclipses, As recorded in writing for the first time in Thai history using Thai script or the ancient Khom language (The prototype language of Thai), Constitutes a historically significant record for astronomers. This document can be used to research and study past world history.

Thailand has documented its history in various forms, such as stone inscriptions, chronicles, historical records, legends, palm-leaf manuscripts, and modern documents like newspapers, magazines, and, most popularly today, electronic recordings. Digital evidence, including audio files, videos, and digital photographs, is extremely important.

Reliable databases always include the full name or email address of the author or source, which can be used to verify the facts of the article.

Ancient Khom scriptures, which are of paramount importance to Thai history, and the ancient Khom language, which is the prototype language of the Thai people, Were studied during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng, the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, who ascended the throne in 1600 CE.

From 1822-1841, King Rama I of Sukhothai unified the Thai kingdom, expanding its territory across Asia. He invented the Thai script (Lai Sue Thai) in 1826, which has become the Thai alphabet used today. He fostered religion and the economy, leading the Sukhothai Kingdom to great prosperity and international recognition. He was the first Thai monarch to be honored as "Maharaj" (The Great).

Currently, the Khmer people, or Cambodians, who in the past were primarily serfs, slaves, and beggars, are attempting to use a fabricated history, rewritten by the French, to attack and harm Thailand. They are trying to link Cambodia to this, even though Cambodia only appeared on the world map 73 years ago and declared independence from France on November 9, 2024 (counting from 1953 to 2024). Global superpowers are creating a narrative, writing false articles to expose and spread misinformation about Cambodia, a country known for its ingratitude and betrayal of Thailand. They portray Cambodia as a country of uncivilized, nomadic people, slaves, uneducated, lacking culture and civilization. They are then linking this newly created country to the ancient Khmer civilization, the original source and model of Thai civilization, claiming it as Cambodian. This is the influence of a global mafia group.

Those who control the mechanisms driving the global economy have conspired to seize Thai land, slandering Thailand and accusing Thai people of being villains. Thai people, who are kind, compassionate, and generous, have become defendants in the eyes of the world. This is documented in modern documents such as newspaper articles, magazines, and, most popularly, electronic records. Digital evidence, including audio files, videos, digital photographs, and reliable databases, is extremely important, often accompanied by the name and surname of the author or email address, which can be used to verify the facts.

The first recorded instances of solar eclipses in Thailand date back to the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Records indicate an observation of a total solar eclipse on the morning of April 30, 1688 (B.E. 2231). This eclipse did not pass over Siam, so it was observed as a partial eclipse.

Rattanakosin

The first total solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1868, exactly as calculated by King Mongkut, at Wa Ko Subdistrict, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province Thailand, This was the first total solar eclipse in Thai history.

The second total solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1875. It was the first total solar eclipse visible in Bangkok since the founding of the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The eclipse ended at 14:31:29 PM , And continued until 14:35:21 PM (Thailand Standard Time).

The third total solar eclipse occurred on May 9, 1929, and was visible in Satun, Songkhla, Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat provinces. King Prajadhipok traveled to Pattani to observe it, accompanied by a team of foreign astronomers who brought equipment to study the eclipse. However, after that, instruments were invented to study the sun without needing solar eclipses anymore.

The fourth total solar eclipse occurred in several provinces on June 20, 1955. It was the second total solar eclipse visible in Bangkok, Thailand.

The fifth total solar eclipse occurred in 11 provinces: Tak, Kamphaeng Phet, Uthai Thani, Nakhon Sawan, Lopburi, Phetchabun, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Sa Kaeo, Phichit, and Chaiyaphum, on October 24, 1995.

The sixth partial solar eclipse that occurred across the country took place on December 26, 2019.

Computer-assisted auditing, based on ancient Thai calculation formulas renowned for their world-class accuracy, utilizes computer technology to assist in auditing various systems. This focuses on speed, accuracy, and the ability to examine vast amounts of data. It encompasses everything from basic error checking (such as monitoring CPU usage via Task Manager) to in-depth data analysis using specialized software, providing sufficient and reliable evidence for decision-making. This is exemplified by the historical context of Thailand, a country with one of the longest and most prolific histories in the world.

The Ayutthaya Kingdom, between 1893 and 2310 BE (Buddhist Era), took 417 years to experience all types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total, and hybrid. Many times, the paths of the eclipses passed through the region., Specifically regarding Siam, specifically the island city of Ayutthaya, the probability of seeing a total solar eclipse pass through it at least three times is high. This is because, on average worldwide, it takes approximately 360 years to see a total solar eclipse in the same location again. However, accurate mathematical calculations in Thailand show that the path of total solar eclipse passed over the island city of Ayutthaya three times. This is the most solar eclipses in world history and significantly higher than the global average. Yet, this crucial information from Thailand, and of paramount importance to world history, has never been recorded in world history books.

Therefore, the history of the world's greatest solar eclipse, which once occurred in Thailand, has never been mentioned or recorded in any world documents. Some groups are trying to slander and obscure Thailand's identity. Therefore, the truth that the whole world should know is that Thailand is a country that keeps all the world's truths hidden.

Therefore, the history of the world's greatest solar eclipse, which once occurred in Thailand, has never been mentioned or recorded in any world documents. Some groups are trying to slander and obscure Thailand's identity. Therefore, the truth that the whole world should know is that Thailand is the one holding the entire truth of the world secret.

Thai people are a society that likes to record the stories of Thailand itself as evidence and historical records. They also have a habit of documenting events that have occurred around the world from the past to the present, without ever ceasing. Thai people are among the most capable and talented individuals in the world in the field of astronomy, with important figures from the past such as King Mongkut.

"(King Rama IV) who is revered as the "Father of Thai Science." His meticulous recording and accurate calculations demonstrated his unparalleled skill and expertise in astronomy.

Currently, Thai personnel working with leading global space organizations such as NASA and ESA, including Dr. Thawatchai Wirattipong (NASA) and Dr. Busaba Kramer (Max Planck Institute), as well as emerging Thai astronomers, researchers, and astronomical photographers who have produced world-class work, such as Dr. Sarun Poshyachinda (who has elevated the field of Thai astronomy) and Dr. Korayanat Hozumi, along with the development of the National Observatory and astronomical photography by award-winning Thai photography teams, demonstrate the progress and capabilities of Thai people in various dimensions of the space field, earning recognition worldwide.

Solar eclipses in Thailand.

Thirty years ago, a total solar eclipse occurred across Thailand on October 24, 1995. This coming October 24, 2025, marks the 30th anniversary of the last total solar eclipse to pass through Thailand. The October 24, 1995 total solar eclipse was part of Saros series 143. Its path of totality began in Iran, Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, southern Vietnam, and northeastern Borneo (Malaysia), ending in the Pacific Ocean. As it passed over Thailand, the moon's shadow first touched Thai soil in Tak province, followed by Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Lopburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, and Sa Kaeo, before entering Cambodia. It is estimated that millions of Thais experienced the darkness across a broad area of ​​only a few tens of kilometers.

The partial eclipse began at 9:22 AM Thailand time. The sun was gradually obscured by the moon, reaching a total eclipse at 10:51 AM. This total eclipse lasted only 1 minute and 51 seconds, after which it returned to a partial eclipse and ended at 11:31 AM. For those interested in observing a total solar eclipse in Thailand, the next one will occur on April 11, 2613 (in 45 years). Please be patient.

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1/24 āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™

... āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļ–āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļĢāđŒāļŠāļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē “King Mongkut solar eclipse 1868” āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļē “āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ§āđ‰āļēāļāļ­ āļ›āļĩ 1868 āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™â€ āđāļĨāļ° â€œāļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļĄāđˆāļ™āļĒāļģ” āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒāđ„āļĨāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļˆāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļĄāļēāļāļ„āļ·āļ­ â€œāļ™āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđāļ„āđˆāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī” āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĄāļļāļ”āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 1) āļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡ 18 āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŦāļēāļ„āļĄ 1868 āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļŦāļ™? āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ “āļŦāļ§āđ‰āļēāļāļ­â€ (āļ­.āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡/āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļ‡ āļˆ.āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļ§āļšāļ„āļĩāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒ) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™ â€œāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡â€ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ„āđˆ “āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™â€ āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ 2) āļĢ.4 āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļĒāļāļĒāđˆāļ­āļ‡? āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ™āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“ â€œāļ§āļąāļ™-āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē” āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āļēāļĢāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ (āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđāļ„āđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­) āļžāļ­āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļēāļ”āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļˆāļ”āļˆāļģāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āļēāļĢāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđƒāļ™āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļāļĒāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ â€œāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļīāļ”āļēāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒ” 3) āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ: āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđāļ„āđˆāļ„āļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ­āļĩāļāļˆāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļģāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļšāļ™āļāļđāđ€āļāļīāļĨāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļŠāļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī/āļ™āļąāļāļ”āļēāļĢāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĄāļīāļ•āļī “āļ™āļēāļ™āļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī” āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ°āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āđ‚āļāļŠāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 4) āļ–āđ‰āļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļĨāđˆāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ: āļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ‡? āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē “āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡â€ āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āđ† āđāļŠāļ‡āļŠāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ”āļĄāļēāļ āļšāļēāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļžāļĨāļšāļ„āđˆāļģāđƒāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļīāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™ (āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ) āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļāđ‡āļāļĨāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļŠāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ â€œāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™â€ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ­āļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļēāđāļŦāļ§āđˆāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļĄāļēāļ āļ„āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļˆāļķāļ‡āļ•āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļš â€œāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ”āļ§āļ‡â€ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ 5) āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ­āļĒāļŦāļ§āđ‰āļēāļāļ­ āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™/āļ”āļđāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ? - āļ”āļđāđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļļāļ”āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ• (āļŦāļ§āđ‰āļēāļāļ­ āļˆ.āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļ§āļšāļŊ) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ - āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļšāļšāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒāđ„āļĨāļ™āđŒ: āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļē - āļ–āđ‰āļēāļˆāļ°āļ”āļđāļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļĒāļļāļ„āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ (āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāđ‰āļ­āļ™āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•) āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ­āļ›āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŸāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ Stellarium āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļˆāļģāļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļąāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆ â€œāļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļļāļ›āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĒ” āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāđāļāđˆāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļ„āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ§āļīāļĢāđŒāļ”āļ›āļĩ 1868 āļˆāļ°āļžāļēāđ„āļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ§āđ‰āļēāļāļ­āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ“āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļķāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļĄāļēāļ