Explore Mars Planets with The spacecraft "KlearMilly 8888" and its Mars rover, also named "KlearMilly 8888" from Thailand in 2026 ðđð.
***
Note: Uncrewed spacecraft, or robotic vehicles, are vehicles that are not controlled by humans, using autonomous flight systems or control from Earth. They are used for exploring distant space, such as the far reaches of the universe that humans cannot reach, and some planets in the solar system, in order to avoid performing dangerous missions!
Aviation medicine
Aviation medicine, also called flight medicine or aerospace medicine, is a preventive. or occupational medicine in which the patients/subjects are pilots, aircrews, or astronauts. The specialty strives to treat or prevent conditions to which aircrews are particularly susceptible, applies medical knowledge to the human factors in aviation and is thus a critical component of aviation safety. A military practitioner of aviation medicine may be called a flight surgeon and a civilian practitioner is an aviation medical examiner, One of the biggest differences between the military and civilian flight doctors is the military flight surgeon's requirement to log flight hours.
Overview
Broadly defined, this subdiscipline endeavors to discover and prevent various adverse physiological responses to hostile biologic and physical stresses encountered in the aerospace environment. Problems range from life support measures for astronauts to recognizing an ear block in an infant traveling on an airliner with elevated cabin pressure altitude. Aeromedical certification of pilots, aircrew and patients is also part of aviation medicine. A final subdivision is the AeroMedical Transportation Specialty. These military and civilian specialists are concerned with protecting aircrew and patients who are transported by AirEvac aircraft (helicopters or fixed-wing airplanes).
Atmospheric physics potentially affect all air travelers regardless of the aircraft. As humans ascend through the first 9100-12,300 m (30,000-40,000 ft), temperature decreases linearly at an average rate of 2 °C (3.6 °F) per 305 m (1000 ft). If sea-level temperature is 16 °C (60 °F), the outside air temperature is approximately -57 °C (-70 °F) at 10,700 m (35,000 ft). Pressure and humidity also decline, and aircrew are exposed to radiation, vibration and acceleration forces (the latter are also known as "g" forces). Aircraft life support systems such as oxygen, heat and pressurization are the first line of defense against most of the hostile aerospace environment. Higher performance aircraft provide more sophisticated life support equipment, such as "G-suits" to help the body resist the adverse effects of acceleration, along with pressure breathing apparatus, or ejection seats or other escape equipment.
Every factor contributing to a safe flight has a failure rate. The crew of an aircraft is no different. Aviation medicine aims to keep this rate in the humans involved equal to or below a specified risk level. This standard of risk is also applied to airframe, avionics and systems associated with flights.
AeroMedical examinations aim at screening for elevation in risk of sudden incapacitation, such as a tendency towards myocardial Infarction (heart attacks), epilepsy or the presence of metabolic conditions diabetes, etc. which may lead to hazardous condition at altitude. The goal of the AeroMedical Examination is to protect the life and health of pilots and passengers by making reasonable medical assurance that an individual is fit to fly. Other screened conditions such as colour blindness can prevent a person from flying because of an inability to perform a function that is necessary. In this case to tell green from red. These specialized medical exams consist of physical examinations performed by an Aviation Medical Examiner or a military Flight Surgeon, doctors trained to screen potential aircrew for identifiable medical conditions that could lead to problems while performing airborne duties. In addition, this unique population of aircrews is a high-risk group for several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular sleeping and irregular meals (usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks) and work-related stress.
Space medicine
Space medicine is a subspecialty of emergency medicine (Fellowship Training Pathway) which evolved from the aerospace medicine specialty. Space medicine is dedicated to the prevention and treatment of medical conditions that would limit success in space operations. Space medicine focuses specifically on prevention, acute care, emergency medicine, wilderness medicine, hyper/hypobaric medicine in order to provide medical care of astronauts and spaceflight participants. The spaceflight environment poses many unique stressors to the human body, including g-force, microgravity, unusual atmospheres such as low pressure or high carbon dioxide, and space radiation.
Space medicine applies space physiology, preventive medicine, primary care, emergency medicine, acute care medicine, austere medicine, public health, and toxicology to prevent and treat medical problems in space. This expertise is additionally used to inform vehicle systems design to minimize the risk to human health and performance while meeting mission objectives. Astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health. Both these sciences work together to ensure that astronauts work in a safe environment. Medical consequences such as possible visual impairment and bone loss have been associated with human spaceflight. In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General Issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars.
History
Hubertus Strughold (1898-1987), a former Nazi physician and physiologist, was brought to the United States after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip. He first coined the term "space medicine" in 1948 and was the first and only Professor of Space Medicine at the School of Aviation Medicine (SAM) at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. In 1949, Strughold was made director of the Department of Space Medicine at the SAM (which is now the US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohlo. He played an important role in developing the pressure suit worn by early American astronauts. He was a co-founder of the Space Medicine Branch of the Aerospace Medical Association in 1950. The aeromedical library at Brooks. AFB was named after him in 1977, but later renamed because documents from the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal linked Strughold to medical experiments in which inmates of the Dachau concentration camp were tortured and killed. Soviet research into Space Medicine was centered at the Scientific Research Testing Institute of Aviation Medicine (NIIAM). In 1949, A.M. Vasilevsky, the Minister of Defense of the USSR, gave instructions via the initiative of Sergei Korolev to NIIAM to conduct biological and medical research. In 1951, NIIAM began to work on the first research work entitled "Physiological and hygienic substantiation of flight capabilities in special conditions", which formulated the main research tasks, the necessary requirements. for pressurized cabins, life support systems, rescue and control and recording equipment. At the Korolev design bureau, they created rockets for lifting animals within 200-250 km and 500-600 km, and then began to talk about developing artificial satellites and launching a man into space. Then in 1963 the Institute for Biomedical Problems (IMBP) was founded to undertake the study of space medicine.
Animal testing
Animals in space
Before sending humans, space agencies used animals to study the effects of space travel on the body. After several years of failed animal recoveries, an Aerobee rocket launch in September 1951 was the first safe return of a monkey and a group of mice from near space altitudes. On November 3, 1957, Sputnik 2 became the first mission to carry a living animal to space, a dog named Lalka. This flight and others suggested the possibility of safely flying in space within a controlled environment, and provided data on how living beings react to space flight. Later flights with cameras to observe the animal subjects would show in flight conditions such as high-G and zero-G, Russian tests yielded more valuable physiological data from the animal tests,
On January 31, 1961, a chimpanzee named Ham was launched into a sub-orbital flight aboard a Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle. The flight was meant to model the planned mission of astronaut Alan Shepard. The mission planned to reach an altitude of 115 miles, and speeds up to 4400 miles per hour. However, the actual flight reached 157 miles and a maximum speed of 5,857 miles per hour. During flight, Ham experienced 6.6 minutes of weightlessness. After splashing down In the Atlantic Ocean, Ham was recovered by the USS Donner. He suffered only limited injuries during flight, only receiving a bruised nose. [Ham's vital signs were monitored and collected throughout the 16-minute flight, and used to develop life support systems for later human astronauts, Animal testing in space continues currently, with mice, ants, and other animals regularly being sent to the International Space Station. In 2014, eight ant colonies were sent to the ISS to investigate the group behavior of ants in microgravity. The ISS allows for the investigation of animal behavior without sending them in specifically designed capsules.
North American X-15
Main article: North American X-15
Rocket-powered aircraft North American X-15 provided an early opportunity to study the effects of a near-space environment on human physiology. At its highest operational speed and altitude, the X-15 provided approximately five minutes of weightlessness. This opportunity allowed for the development of devices to facilitate working in low pressure, high acceleration environments such as pressure suits, and telemetering systems to collect physiological data. This data and technologies allowed for better mission planning for future space missions.
Project Mercury
Space medicine was a critical factor in the United States human space program, starting with Project Mercury. The main precaution taken by Mercury astronauts to defend against high G environments like launch and reentry was a couch with seat belts to make sure astronauts were not forcibly moved from their position. Additionally, experienced pilots proved to be better able to cope with high G scenarios. One of the pressing concerns with Project Mercury's mission environment was the isolated nature of the cabin. There were deeper concerns about psychological Issues than there were about physiological health effects. Substantial animal testing proved beyond a reasonable doubt to NASA engineers that spaceflight could be done safely provided a climate controlled environment.
Project Gemini
The Gemini program primarily addressed the psychological issues from isolation in space with two crewmembers. Upon returning from space, it was recorded that crewmembers experienced a loss of balance and a decrease in anaerobic ability.
Project Apollo
The Apollo program began with a substantial basis of medical knowledge and precautions from both Mercury and Gemini. The understanding of high and low G environments was well documented and the effects of isolation had been addressed with Gemini and Apollo having multiple occupants in one capsule. The primary research of the Apollo Program focused on pre-flight and post-flight monitoring. Some Apollo mission plans were postponed or altered due to some or all crewmembers contracting a communicable disease. Apollo 14 instituted a form of quarantine for crewmembers so as to curb the passing of typical Illnesses. While the efficacy of the Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program was questionable as some crewmembers still contracted diseases, The program showed enough results to maintain implementation with current space programs.
Effects of space-travel
Effect of spaceflight on the human body
In October 2018, NASA-funded researchers found that lengthy Journeys into outer space, Including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely, In November 2019, researchers reported that astronauts experienced serious blood flow and clot problems while on board the International Space Station, based on a six-month study of 11 healthy astronauts. The effects of microgravity on fluid distribution around the body (greatly exaggerated) (NASA)
The results may influence long-term spaceflight, including a mission to the planet Mars, according to the researchers.
Blood clots
Deep vein thrombosis of the internal jugular vein of the neck was first discovered in 2020 in an astronaut on a long duration stay on the ISS, requiring treatment with blood thinners. A subsequent study of eleven astronauts found slowed blood flow in the neck veins and even reversal of blood flow in two of the astronauts. NASA is currently conducting more research to study whether these abnormalities could predispose astronauts to blood clots.
Cardiac rhythms
Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight Heart rhythm disturbances have been seen among astronauts. Most of these have been related to cardiovascular disease, but it is not clear whether this was due to pre-existing conditions or effects of space flight. It is hoped that advanced screening for coronary disease has greatly mitigated this risk. Other heart rhythm problems, such as atrial fibrillation, can develop over time, necessitating periodic screening of crewmembers' heart rhythms. Beyond these terrestrial heart risks, some concern exists that prolonged exposure to microgravity may lead to heart rhythm disturbances. Although this has not been observed to date, further surveillance is warranted.
Decompression illness in spaceflight
In space, astronauts use a space suit, essentially a self-contained individual spacecraft, to do spacewalks, or extra-vehicular activities (EVAs). Spacesuits are generally inflated with 100% oxygen at a total pressure that is less than a third of normal atmospheric pressure. Eliminating inert atmospheric components such as nitrogen allows the astronaut to breathe comfortably, but also have the mobility to use their hands, arms, and legs to complete required work, which would be more difficult in a higher pressure suit.
After the astronaut dons the spacesuit, air is replaced by 100% oxygen in a process called a 'nitrogen purge". In order to reduce the risk of decompression sickness, the astronaut must spend several hours "pre-breathing' at an intermediate nitrogen partial pressure, in order to let their body tissues outgas nitrogen slowly enough that bubbles are not formed. When the astronaut returns to the 'shirt sleeve" environment of the spacecraft after an EVA, pressure is restored to whatever the operating pressure of that spacecraft may be, generally normal atmospheric pressure. Decompression illness in spaceflight consists of decompression sickness (DCS) and other injuries due to uncompensated changes in pressure, or barotrauma.
Decompression sickness
Decompression sickness is the injury to the tissues of the body resulting from the presence of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues and blood. This occurs due to a rapid reduction in ambient pressure causing the dissolved nitrogen to come out of solution as gas bubbles within the body. In space the risk of DCS is significantly reduced by using a technique to wash out the nitrogen in the body's tissues. This is achieved by breathing 100% oxygen for a specified period of time before donning the spacesuit, and is continued after a nitrogen purge. DCS may result from inadequate or interrupted pre-oxygenation time, or other factors Including the astronaut's level of hydration, physical conditioning, prior injuries and age. Other risks of DCS Include Inadequate nitrogen purge in the EMU, a strenuous or excessively prolonged EVA, or a loss of suit pressure. Non-EVA crewmembers may also be at risk for DCS if there is a loss of spacecraft cabin pressure.
Symptoms of DCS in space may include chest pain, shortness of breath, cough or pain with a deep breath, unusual fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, headache, unexplained musculoskeletal pain, tingling or numbness, extremities weakness, or visual abnormalities. Primary treatment principles consist of In-sult repressurization to re-dissolve nitrogen bubbles, 100% oxygen to re-oxygenate tissues, and hydration to Improve the circulation to injured tissues.
Barotrauma
Barotrauma is the injury to the tissues of air filled spaces in the body as a result of differences in pressure between the body spaces and the ambient atmospheric pressure. Air filled spaces include the middle ears, paranasal sinuses, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. One would be predisposed by a pre-existing upper respiratory infection, nasal allergies, recurrent changing pressures, dehydration, or a poor equalizing technique.
Positive pressure in the air filled spaces results from reduced barometric pressure during the depressurization phase of an EVA, It can cause abdominal distension, ear or sinus pain, decreased hearing, and dental or jaw pain, Abdominal distension can be treated with extending the abdomen, gentle massage and encourage passing flatus. Ear and sinus pressure can be relieved with passive release of positive pressure. Pretreatment for susceptible individuals can include oral and nasal decongestants, or oral and nasal steroids, Negative pressure in air fill spaces results from Increased barometric pressure during repressurization after an EVA or following a planned restoration of a reduced cabin pressure. Common symptoms include ear or sinus pain, decreased hearing, and tooth or Jaw pain, Treatment may include active positive pressure equalization of ears and sinuses, oral and nasal decongestants, or oral and nasal steroids, and appropriate pain medication if needed.
Decreased immune system functioning Astronauts in space have weakened immune systems, which means that in addition to increased vulnerability to new exposures, viruses already present in the body-which would normally be suppressed-become active. In space, T-cells do not reproduce properly, and the cells that do exist are less able to fight off infection. NASA research is measuring the change in the immune systems of its astronauts as well as performing experiments with T-cells in space., On April 29, 2013, scientists in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by NASA, reported that, during spaceflight on the International Space Station, microbes seem to adapt to the space environment in ways 'not observed on Earth" and in ways that "can lead to increases in growth and virulence", In March 2019, NASA reported that latent viruses in humans may be activated during space missions, adding possibly more risk to astronauts in future deep-space missions.
Increased infection risk
A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space.Â
On April 29, 2013, scientists in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by NASA, reported that, during spaceflight on the International Space Station (ISS), microbes seem to adapt to the space environment in ways "not observed on Earth' and in ways that 'can lead to increases in growth and virulence", More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to antibiotics and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space. Microorganisms have been observed to survive the vacuum of outer space. Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the ISS of five Enterobacter bugandensis bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.
Effects of fatigue
Fatigue and sleep loss during spaceflight
Human spaceflight often requires astronaut crews to endure long periods without rest. Studies have shown that lack of sleep can cause fatigue that leads to errors while performing critical tasks. Also, individuals who are fatigued often cannot determine the degree of their impairment., Astronauts and ground crews frequently suffer from the effects of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disruption. Fatigue due to sleep loss, sleep shifting and work overload could cause performance errors that put space flight participants at risk of compromising mission objectives as well as the health and safety of those on board.
Loss of balance
Leaving and returning to Earth's gravity causes 'space sickness", dizziness, and loss of balance in astronauts. By studying how changes can affect balance in the human body-involving the senses, the brain, the inner ear, and blood pressure-NASA hopes to develop treatments that can be used on Earth and in space to correct balance disorders. Until then, NASA's astronauts must rely on a medication called Midodrine (an "anti-dizzy" pill that temporarily increases blood pressure), and/or promethazine to help carry out the tasks they need to do to return home safely.
Loss of bone density
Spaceflight osteopenia is the bone loss associated with human spaceflight.
The metabolism of calcium is limited in microgravity and will cause calcium to leak out of bones. After a 3-4 month trip into space, it takes about 2-3 years to regain lost bone density, New techniques are being developed to help astronauts recover faster. Research in the following areas holds the potential to aid the process of growing new bone:
- Diet and exercise changes may reduce osteoporosis.
- Vibration Therapy may stimulate bone growth.
- Medication could trigger the body to produce more of the protein responsible for bone growth and formation.
Loss of muscle mass
Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space
In space, muscles in the legs, back, spine, and heart weaken and waste away because they no longer are needed to overcome gravity, just as people lose muscle when they age due to reduced physical activity. Astronauts rely on research in the following areas to build muscle and maintain body mass:
- Exercise may build muscle if at least two hours a day is spent doing resistance training routines.
- Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a method to prevent muscle atrophy.
Impairment of eyesight
Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure
During long space flight missions, astronauts may develop ocular changes and visual impairment collectively known as the Space Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). Such vision problems may be a major concern for future deep space flight missions, Including a human mission to Mars.
Loss of mental abilities and risk of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease, Effect of spaceflight on the human body, and Health threat from cosmic rays
On December 31, 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that human spaceflight may harm the brain of astronauts and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease,
On November 2, 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space, based on MRI studies. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.
Orthostatic intolerance
Under the influence of the earth's gravity, blood and other body fluids are pulled towards the lower body when standing. When gravity is removed during space exploration, hydrostatic pressures throughout the body are removed and the resulting change in blood distribution. may be similar lying down on Earth where hydrostatic differences are minimized. Upon return to earth, reduced blood volume from spaceflight results in orthostatic
hypotension. Orthostatic tolerance after spaceflight has been greatly improved by fluid loading countermeasures taken by astronauts before landing. Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis Soviet cosmonaut Valentin Lebedev, who spent 211 days in orbit during 1982 (an absolute record for stay in Earth's orbit), lost his eyesight to progressive cataract. Lebedev stated: "I suffered from a lot of radiation in space. It was all concealed back then during the Soviet years, but now I can say that I caused damage to my health because of that flight. On May 31, 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible human mission to Mars may involve a great radiation risk based on the amount of energetic particle radiation detected by the RAD on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011-2012.
Doctorate Degree (Ph.D) ðđð /āļāļģāđāļ āļāđāļāļēāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļāļē
Surveyor / Recorder
By: Ratcharinda Teachaprasarn ðđð
Location: Koh Lanta Island/ āđāļāļēāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļāļē ðđð
Saladan Subdistrict, Koh Lanta District, Krabi
Province, Thailand ðđð
Compiled articles in English, Thai ðđð
By: Ratcharinda Teachaprasarn ðđð
QueenKlearmilly 8888 ððđð
Thailand 2026 ðđð
May 13, 2026, 21 : 50 p.m ðđð
------------------+++
āļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļ āļāļēāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢ āļāļąāļāļĒāļēāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ·āđāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āđāļē "āđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļĢāđāļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļĩāđ 8888"' āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāļąāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļĒāļāļāđāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļ āļāļēāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢ āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ·āđāļāļ§āđāļē "āđāļāļĨāļĩāļĒāļĢāđāļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļĩāđ 8888"
āļāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āļāļĩ āļ.āļĻ 2569 ðđð
***
āļŦāļĄāļē āļĒāđāļŦāļāļļ : āļĒāļēāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļĢāđāļāļāļāļąāļ (Uncrewed Spacecraft) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĒāļēāļāļŦāļļāđāļāļĒāļāļāđ āļāļ·āļ āļĒāļēāļāļāļēāļŦāļāļ°āļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđ, āļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ āđāļāđāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļāļĨ, āđāļāđāļ āļāļąāļāļ§āļēāļĨāļāļąāļāđāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļķāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļ§āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļŠāļļāļĢāļīāļĒāļ°āļāļąāļāļĢāļ§āļēāļĨ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļ āļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļ āļąāļĒ āđāļāđāļāļāđāļ.
āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ
(Aviation medicine)
āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđāļēāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļāļĩāļ§āļāļāļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ/āļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļ āļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āļŠāļēāļāļēāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāđāļĄāļļāđāļāļĄāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāđāļēāļāđ āļāļĩāđāļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāđāļāļāļīāđāļĻāļĐ āđāļāļĒāļāļģāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđāļēāļĻāļąāļĨāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĨāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āļŦāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļāļāļĻāļąāļĨāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļķāļāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļĄāļāļāļīāļ.
āļ āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄ
(Overview)
āđāļāļĒāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļāđāļĨāđāļ§ āļŠāļēāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĄāļļāđāļāļĄāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāđāļāļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļāļķāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļāđ āļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļĒāļāļķāđāļāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĨāđāļāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāđāļēāļāđ āļĄāļĩāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĩāļ§āļīāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļāļāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļāđāļāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļāļŦāđāļāļāđāļāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļ āļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāđāļāđāļāļŠāđāļ§āļāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļ āļŠāļēāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļĒāļŠāļļāļāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļ·āļ āļŠāļēāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻ āļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļđāļāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļģāđāļĨāļĩāļĒāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŪāļĨāļīāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļāļāļāļāļĩāđ (Helicopters or fixed-wing airplanes).
āļāļīāļŠāļīāļāļŠāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļāļŠāđāļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāđāļāļāļđāđāđāļāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļāļĒāđāļĄāđāļāļģāļāļķāļāļāļķāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļ āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļŠāļđāļāļāļķāļ 9,100-12,300 āđāļĄāļāļĢ (30,000-40,000 āļāļļāļ) āļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļ°āļĨāļāļĨāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāđāļŠāđāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒ 2 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ (3.6 āļāļāļĻāļēāļāļēāđāļĢāļāđāļŪāļāđ) āļāđāļāļāļļāļāđ 305 āđāļĄāļāļĢ (1,000 āļāļļāļ) āļŦāļēāļāļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļĩāđāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāđāļģāļāļ°āđāļĨāļāļĒāļđāđāļāļĩāđ 16 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ (60 āļāļāļĻāļēāļāļēāđāļĢāļāđāļŪāļāđ) āļāļļāļāļŦāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļ āļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĒāļđāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ -57 āļāļāļĻāļēāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļŠ (-70 āļāļāļĻāļēāļāļēāđāļĢāļāđāļŪāļāđ) āļāļĩāđāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ 10,700 āđāļĄāļāļĢ (35,000 āļāļļāļ) āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļĨāļāļĨāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ°āļŠāļąāļĄāļāļąāļŠāļāļąāļāļĢāļąāļāļŠāļĩ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđāļāļŠāļ°āđāļāļ·āļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāļāđāļĢāđāļ (āļāļķāđāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĩāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļ§āđāļēāđāļĢāļ "āļāļĩ") āļĢāļ°āļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĩāļ§āļīāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļ āđāļāđāļ āļāļāļāļāļīāđāļāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļ āđāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĨāđāļāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļģāļāļ§āļĒāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļŦāļāđ āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāļĄāļĢāļĢāļāļāļ°āļŠāļđāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđ āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĩāļ§āļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāđāļāļāļāļ§āđāļē āđāļāđāļ "āļāļļāļāļāļĩ" (G-suits)
āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāđāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāļāļķāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāđāļ āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāļāļāļąāļ§ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđāļŦāļĨāļāļŦāļāļĩāļāļ·āđāļāđ. āļāļļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļŠāđāļāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļĨāđāļ§āļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļ āļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļģāļāļ§āđāļēāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđ āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļāļģāđāļāđāļāđāļāļąāļāđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļīāļ āļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļŠāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļāļāļāđāļēāļāđ āļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļāļļāļāļĄāļļāđāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļķāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĄāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļąāļ āđāļāđāļ āđāļāļ§āđāļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āđāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļąāļ§āđāļāļāļēāļĒ (āļŦāļąāļ§āđāļāļ§āļēāļĒ) āđāļĢāļāļĨāļĄāļ āļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļīāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļēāļāđāļĄāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļķāļĄ āđāļāđāļ āđāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļ āđāļāđāļāļāđāļ āļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļģāđāļāļŠāļđāđāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļĩāļ§āļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāđāđāļāļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļŠāļĄāđāļŦāļāļļāļŠāļĄāļāļĨāļ§āđāļēāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļāļĄāļĩāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāļīāļāđāļāđ āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļ·āđāļāđ āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļ
āđāļāđāļ āļāļēāļāļāļāļŠāļĩ āļāļēāļāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļģāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļāđ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļĩāđāļāļģāđāļāđāļāđāļāđ āđāļāļāļĢāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĒāļāđāļĒāļ°āļŠāļĩāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļāļŠāļĩāđāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļēāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļĻāļąāļĨāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļ āļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļāļāļĢāļĄāļĄāļēāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļāļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļēāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāđāļāđāļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļģāđāļāļŠāļđāđāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļāļ°āļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻ
āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđ āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļĨāļđāļāđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĒāđāļēāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē (āđāļāļĒāļāļāļāļīāļāļ°āđāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļ·āđāļĄāļāļąāļāļĨāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļđāļ) āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļ.
āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ
(Space medicine)
āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļāđāļāļŠāļēāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļēāļāļĒāđāļāļĒāļāļāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļļāļāđāļāļīāļ (āđāļŠāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļāļāļĢāļĄāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāđāļāļĨāđāļĨāļ§āđ) āļāļķāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļēāļāļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļĄāļļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļŠāļĢāļĢāļāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļąāļ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļļāļāđāļāļīāļ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāđāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļļāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ/āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāđāļģ āđāļ āļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāđāđāļāđāļēāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āļŠāļ āļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĨāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļąāļ§āļāđāļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāđāļĢāļāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļ§āļ āđāļĢāļāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļ§āļāļāđāļģ āļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļī āđāļāđāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāđāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļŠāļđāļ āđāļĨāļ° āļĢāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ
āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļļāļāđāļāļīāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļąāļ āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļģāļāļēāļ āļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļŠāļļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļīāļĐāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļē āļāļđāļāļāļģāļĄāļēāđāļāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļāđāļŦāļĨāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļāļđāļāļāļģāļĄāļēāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļĒāļēāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĨāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļāļ āļēāļĢāļāļīāļ āļŠāļļāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāđāļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļāļ āļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļąāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļāļāļģāđāļŦāđāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĄāđāļāļĢāļĄāļĨāļ
āļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļāļēāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļĄāļąāđāļāđāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļģāļāļēāļāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĨāđāļāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒ āļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļāđāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļāļāđāļŦāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļ āđāļāđāļāļđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĄāđāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļāļāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđ āđāļāđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļļāļĨāļēāļāļĄ 2558 āļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļ āļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļŠāđāļāļĄāļāļļāļĐāļĒāđāđāļāļāļēāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢ.
āļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ
(History)
āļŪāļđāđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļąāļŠ āļŠāļāļĢāļđāđāļāļĨāļāđ (Hubertus Strughold) āļ.āļĻ. 1898-1987 āļāļāļĩāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĩ āļāļđāļāļāļģāļāļąāļ§āļĄāļēāļĒāļąāļāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĄāđāļĨāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāđāļāļĨāļīāļ āđāļāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļīāļĻāļąāļāļāđ "āđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻ" āđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāđāļĢāļāđāļāļāļĩ āļ.āļĻ. 1948 āđāļĨāļ° āđāļāđāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđāļāđāļēāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļĩāđāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļ (SAM) āļ āļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāđāļ āļĢāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļŠ āđāļāļāļĩ āļ.āļĻ. 1949 āļŠāļāļĢāļđāđāļāļĨāļāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāļāļģāļāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđ SAM (āļāļķāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļāļ·āļāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļ (USAFSAM) āļāļĩāđāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļĢāļāđ-āđāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāđāļŠāļąāļ āļĢāļąāļāđāļāđāļŪāđāļ) āđāļāļēāļĄāļĩāļāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļļāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļ§āļāđāļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļāļĒāļļāļāđāļĢāļāļŠāļ§āļĄāđāļŠāđ āđāļāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļđāđāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļēāļāļēāđāļ§āļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāļāļāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļāļĩ āļ.āļĻ. 1950, āļŦāđāļāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļĩāđāļāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļĢāļđāļāļŠāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļēāđāļāļāļĩ 1977
āđāļāđāļāđāļāļĄāļēāđāļāđāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļĻāļēāļĨāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāļāļđāđāļĢāļĄāđāļāļīāļĢāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĄāđāļĒāļāļŠāļāļĢāļđāđāđāļŪāļĨāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļĄāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļāļĐāđāļāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļāļē