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Summary in five pages before the exam.

2025/8/14 Edited to

... Read moreถ้าจะอ่าน “ตรรกศาสตร์” ให้ทันก่อนสอบ เราแนะนำให้ท่องเป็นชุด ๆ ตามหัวข้อที่ออกบ่อย แล้วค่อยไปทำโจทย์สั้น ๆ ย้ำซ้ำค่ะ อันนี้เป็นวิธีที่เราใช้แล้วช่วยลดเวลางงตอนทำข้อสอบมาก 1) ตารางค่าความจริง: จำให้เป็นภาพ เริ่มจากกำหนดค่า p,q เป็น (T,T), (T,F), (F,T), (F,F) แล้วเติมคอลัมน์ตัวเชื่อมทีละตัว - p ∨ q (หรือ): เท็จแค่กรณีเดียวคือ F,F - p ∧ q (และ): จริงแค่กรณีเดียวคือ T,T - p → q (ถ้า p แล้ว q): “เท็จแค่กรณีเดียว” คือ p จริง แต่ q เท็จ (T→F = F) ที่เหลือจริงหมด - p ↔ q (ก็ต่อเมื่อ): จริงเมื่อค่าเหมือนกัน (T,T และ F,F) ทริคจำ: ข้อสอบชอบหลอกเรื่อง “→” มากที่สุด ให้ย้ำว่าแถวเดียวที่ผิดคือ T→F 2) สูตรสมมูลที่ใช้บ่อย (เอาไว้แปลงให้คิดเร็ว) - p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q (แปลงอิมพลิเคชัน) - ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q และ ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∧ ~q (กฎเดอมอร์แกน) - p ↔ q ≡ (p→q) ∧ (q→p) เวลาเจอโจทย์ให้ “หานิเสธ” ของประพจน์ยาว ๆ เรามักแปลง → ก่อน แล้วค่อยใช้เดอมอร์แกน จะไม่พลาดเครื่องหมายง่าย ๆ 3) การหานิเสธ (Negation) ที่ชอบออก - นิเสธของ “และ” กลายเป็น “หรือ” พร้อมนิเสธข้างใน: ~(A∧B)=~A∨~B - นิเสธของ “หรือ” กลายเป็น “และ”: ~(A∨B)=~A∧~B - นิเสธของ “ถ้า…แล้ว…” ใช้รูป: ~(p→q) ≡ p ∧ ~q อันสุดท้ายสำคัญมาก เพราะโจทย์ชอบถามตรง ๆ ว่า “ปฏิเสธของ p→q คืออะไร” 4) สัจนิรันดร์/ข้อขัดแย้ง: เลือกวิธีให้เหมาะ - ถ้าโจทย์สั้น ใช้ตารางค่าความจริง: ถ้าจริงทุกแถว = สัจนิรันดร์, ถ้าเท็จทุกแถว = ข้อขัดแย้ง - ถ้าโจทย์ยาว ใช้วิธีหาข้อขัดแย้ง/แปลงสมมูล: แปลงด้วยสูตรสมมูลจนเห็นโครงสร้างชัด (เช่นกลายเป็น T หรือ F) 5) การอ้างเหตุผล (Validity) วิธีที่เราใช้บ่อยคือ “ทำให้เหตุทุกข้อจริง” แล้วเช็คว่าผลตามต้องจริงด้วยไหม ถ้าเจอกรณีที่เหตุจริงแต่ผลเท็จ แปลว่าอ้างเหตุผลไม่สมเหตุสมผลทันที (หาตัวอย่างโต้แย้งได้) 6) ประโยคเปิดและตัวบ่งปริมาณ (∀, ∃) - ∀x P(x): “ทุกตัว” นิเสธคือ ∃x ~P(x) (มีอย่างน้อยหนึ่งตัวที่ไม่เป็นจริง) - ∃x P(x): “มีบางตัว” นิเสธคือ ∀x ~P(x) (ทุกตัวไม่เป็นจริง) ทริค: นิเสธแล้วต้อง “สลับ ∀ กับ ∃” และใส่นิเสธให้ประพจน์ด้านในเสมอ สุดท้ายก่อนเข้าห้องสอบ เราจะไล่เช็ค 3 จุด: (1) แถว T→F เท่านั้นที่ผิด (2) เดอมอร์แกนสลับ ∧/∨ ทุกครั้ง (3) นิเสธตัวบ่งปริมาณต้องสลับ ∀/∃ ถ้าคุมสามอย่างนี้ได้ คะแนนตรรกศาสตร์มาไวมากค่ะ

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