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Summary of logic. M.4 on one page.

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Summary of logic. M.4 on one page.

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Anyone who is confused about this, save it and read it.

And don't forget to practice a lot of problems.

To be even better!

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Which the younger ones can download.

More exercises are available from the "exam archives."

On the website of SmartMathPro

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# Math # Math # Free giveaway # Prepare the exam # SmartMathPro

2025/8/14 Edited to

... Read moreถ้าใครอ่าน “สรุปตรรกศาสตร์ ม.4” แล้วยังรู้สึกว่าพอเจอโจทย์จริงทำไม่ออก ลองใช้วิธีทบทวนแบบเป็นขั้น ๆ ที่เราใช้เอง จะช่วยให้ตารางค่าความจริงและสัญลักษณ์ตรรกศาสตร์ไม่มั่วค่ะ 1) จำสัญลักษณ์/เครื่องหมายตรรกศาสตร์ให้แม่นก่อน - ~p หรือ ¬p = นิเสธ (ไม่) - p ∧ q = และ (จริงเมื่อทั้งคู่จริง) - p ∨ q = หรือ (แบบ inclusive คือมีอย่างน้อยหนึ่งจริง) - p → q = ถ้า p แล้ว q (เท็จแค่กรณี p จริง แต่ q เท็จ) - p ↔ q = ก็ต่อเมื่อ (จริงเมื่อค่าเท่ากัน) ทริคที่ช่วยมากคือ “→ เท็จแค่ T→F” ที่เหลือจริงหมด 2) ทำตารางค่าความจริงให้เป็นระบบ เริ่มจากเขียนคอลัมน์ p, q ก่อน (2 ตัวแปรจะมี 4 แถว): - p: T T F F - q: T F T F จากนั้นค่อยคำนวณทีละคอลัมน์ย่อย เช่น ~p, p∧q, p→q จะลดความผิดพลาดได้เยอะ โดยเฉพาะโจทย์ที่มีวงเล็บหลายชั้น 3) ประพจน์สมมูล (ใช้ย่อแทนการทำตารางได้) อันที่ออกสอบบ่อยและช่วยทำเร็ว: - p → q ≡ ~p ∨ q - ~(p ∧ q) ≡ ~p ∨ ~q (De Morgan) - ~(p ∨ q) ≡ ~p ∧ ~q (De Morgan) - p ↔ q ≡ (p→q) ∧ (q→p) เวลาโจทย์ให้ “พิสูจน์สมมูล” ให้พยายามแปลงด้วยสูตรพวกนี้แทนการทำตารางยาว ๆ 4) เช็กสัจนิรันดร์/ขัดแย้ง/พึ่งพา (tautology/contradiction/contingency) ถ้าทำตารางค่าความจริงแล้ว - ทุกแถวเป็นจริง = สัจนิรันดร์ - ทุกแถวเป็นเท็จ = ขัดแย้ง - มีทั้งจริงและเท็จ = พึ่งพา ทริค: บางข้อแค่แปลงรูป เช่น (p ∨ ~p) จะรู้เลยว่าเป็นสัจนิรันดร์ ไม่ต้องทำตาราง 5) การอ้างเหตุผล (valid/invalid) แบบที่เจอบ่อย - Modus Ponens: p→q, p ⇒ q (ถูก) - Modus Tollens: p→q, ~q ⇒ ~p (ถูก) - Affirming the consequent: p→q, q ⇒ p (ผิด) ถ้าไม่แน่ใจ ให้ลองหาค่าความจริงที่ทำให้ “เหตุจริง แต่ผลสรุปเท็จ” ได้เมื่อไร แปลว่าอ้างเหตุผลไม่สมเหตุสมผล 6) ตัวบ่งปริมาณ (∀, ∃) และการนิเสธ - ∀x P(x) = สำหรับทุก x เป็นจริง - ∃x P(x) = มีอย่างน้อยหนึ่ง x ที่จริง การนิเสธที่ต้องจำ: - ~(∀x P(x)) ≡ ∃x ~P(x) - ~(∃x P(x)) ≡ ∀x ~P(x) ตรงนี้คนมักพลาดเพราะ “นิเสธแล้วต้องสลับ ∀ กับ ∃ และใส่ ~ เข้าไปที่ P(x)” ถ้าเป้าหมายคือทำข้อสอบให้ไว แนะนำให้ฝึกโจทย์ตามหัวข้อ: ตารางค่าความจริง 5–10 ข้อ, แปลงสมมูล 5 ข้อ, อ้างเหตุผล 5 ข้อ แล้วค่อยผสมแบบโจทย์รวม จะเห็นว่าจาก “อ่านสรุป” ไปสู่ “ทำได้จริง” เร็วขึ้นมากค่ะ

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