Fire Sprinkler System

Fire Sprinkler System, from the components of the nozzle to the pump system that controls the water pressure, let me explain it in detail.

Image 1: Components of Sprinkler Heads and Selection Criteria

This image focuses on the Sprinkler Head, a terminal device that acts to detect heat and spray water.

1. Main components (Anatomy of a Sprinkler)

• Thread (Thread): Used for screwing into the water supply pipe.

• Temperature Sensitive Glass Bulb (Heat Sensitive Glass Tube): The interior contains a liquid that expands when heated to a certain point, causing the glass tube to break so that the valve mechanism opens allowing water to flow through.

• Frame (frame): A metal frame that holds all components together.

• Deflector (Water Diffuser Plate): The bottom serration plate, serves to change the direction of the ejected water to spread it into droplets covering the area.

2. The temperature at which the glass tube will work (Bulb Operating Temperature)

The color of the fluid in the glass tube is not for aesthetics, but a color code. It tells the temperature at which the nozzle will start working, such as:

• Orange / Red: for general areas (57 ° C - 68 ° C)

• Yellow / Green: For areas with higher heat (79 ° C - 93 ° C)

• Blue / purple / black: for industrial facilities or areas near superheated machinery (141 ° C and above)

3. K-Factor selection by risk level (Hazard)

The table below describes designs based on NFPA 13 standards, broken down by building risk level:

• Light Hazard (less risk): e.g. office, hotel, low water concentration, wide per capita coverage area

• Ordinary Hazard (Medium Risk): e.g., Store, General Stock

• Extra Hazard (Very Risky): Such as a distillery, plastic plant, requires a lot of water in a quick time.

Image 2: Type of Sprinkler Head (Types of Sprinklers)

This image shows different installation patterns according to application characteristics and architecture:

• Pendant: Hanging down from the ceiling (most popular in the office)

• Upright: Set up on a pipe (often used in areas without smooth plastered ceilings, to prevent dew in the pipe and get heated faster)

• Sidewall: Attached to the wall and injected out the sides (suitable for hallways or walkways that can't be piped on the ceiling)

• Concealed: With a smooth lid to the ceiling. For beauty, the lid will fall off first when heated. Then the nozzle will work.

• ESFR (Early Suppression Fast Response): Large nozzle, high pressure and high volume water release. Usually used in high-pile storage warehouses.

• Dry: For areas where the temperature is below freezing. To prevent water in the pipe from freezing until the pipe is broken.

Image 3: Sprinkler Pump System and Pressure Control (Sprinkler Pump Setup)

This is the heart of the system, which keeps water pressure ready at all times.

1. Main equipment in the engine room

• Fire Water Tank: Reserved water tank for dedicated fire fighting

• Main Fire Pump (Electric & Diesel): The main pump that works when there is a real fire, usually with both electrical and diesel systems (in case of fire, until the electricity in the building is out)

• Jockey Pump (Pressure Treatment Pump): It is a very important small pump. It serves to fill the pressure in the pipe line when there is a slight leak. So that the big pump does not need to operate unnecessarily.

2. Pressure sequence

Take a look at the Bar figures in the image below:

1. Normal conditions: The system will maintain the pressure at about 5.0 bar.

2.nominal pressure drop (Leak): When the pressure is reduced to 4.8 bar, the Jockey Pump will work to fill the pressure, return to 5.0 bar and stop.

3. Fire incident: When the Sprinkler head breaks, the water will flow out greatly. The pressure will fall quickly.

4.Main Pump Works: When the pressure falls to a critical point (pictured is 4.5 bar), the Main Fire Pump will start the machine immediately to send huge amounts of water to extinguish the fire.

Conclusion: The system is designed to be entirely "automatic," from detecting heat at the nozzle to ordering the pump to continuously fill with water until the supervisor shuts down the system.