The ideological clash between Anarchism and Marxism-Leninism has been a pivotal debate in political theory for decades. Anarchism advocates for a stateless society where individuals freely cooperate without hierarchical authority, emphasizing direct democracy and self-management. In contrast, Marxism-Leninism supports a centralized state led by a vanguard party to guide the proletariat towards socialism and eventually communism, often incorporating a planned economy and one-party rule. The 1979 Soviet poster stating "More than 100 nations and nationalities live in the USSR" reflects Marxism-Leninism's emphasis on unity through centralized control, attempting to manage diverse ethnic groups within a single socialist state framework. This highlights how Marxism-Leninism addressed complex issues of nationality and solidarity by promoting Soviet identity over individual national distinctions. Understanding these differences helps clarify how each ideology views authority, governance, and social organization. While Anarchism rejects all forms of imposed authority, Marxism-Leninism sees the state as a necessary tool during the transition to a classless society. Exploring such historical propaganda allows us to grasp the practical application and challenges of these theories in multiethnic states. By analyzing the 1979 Soviet poster and its messaging, readers gain insight into the political strategies employed by Marxist-Leninist regimes to foster a cohesive socialist identity among diverse peoples, contrasting starkly with the decentralized and anti-authoritarian approach advocated by Anarchism. Such historical and ideological context enriches the discussion on political philosophies shaping social structures worldwide.