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Digestive system

2025/12/25 Edited to

... Read moreเวลาเด็ก ๆ หรือเพื่อนถามเรื่อง “การย่อยคาร์โบไฮเดรต” ฉันชอบไล่ตามเส้นทางระบบย่อยอาหารจาก ปาก → หลอดอาหาร → กระเพาะอาหาร → ลำไส้เล็ก → ลำไส้ใหญ่ เพื่อให้เห็นภาพรวมว่าแต่ละอวัยวะช่วยกันยังไง 1) การย่อยคาร์โบไฮเดรตเริ่มที่ไหน? คาร์โบไฮเดรตเริ่มย่อยตั้งแต่ “ปาก” เลยค่ะ เพราะน้ำลายมีเอนไซม์อะไมเลส (salivary amylase) ช่วยย่อยแป้งให้แตกเป็นน้ำตาลที่สั้นลง (เช่น มอลโทส/เดกซ์ทริน) ดังนั้นยิ่งเคี้ยวนาน ยิ่งคลุกกับน้ำลายมาก การย่อยช่วงแรกก็ยิ่งทำงานดีขึ้น พอกลืนลงไปที่ “หลอดอาหาร” จะเป็นการลำเลียงด้วยการบีบตัว (เพอริสตัลซิส) ยังไม่ใช่จุดย่อยหลักค่ะ 2) ในกระเพาะอาหาร คาร์โบไฮเดรตยังย่อยอยู่ไหม? โดยทั่วไป “การย่อยคาร์โบไฮเดรตจะชะลอลง” ในกระเพาะอาหาร เพราะกรดในกระเพาะมีความเป็นกรดสูง ทำให้เอนไซม์อะไมเลสจากน้ำลายทำงานลดลง/ถูกยับยั้ง จุดเด่นของกระเพาะจะเน้นคลุกเคล้าอาหารและเริ่มย่อยโปรตีนมากกว่า 3) น้ำย่อยในกระเพาะอาหารสีอะไร? คำถามนี้เจอบ่อยมาก: น้ำย่อยในกระเพาะอาหารโดยมากจะ “ใสถึงเหลืองอ่อน” ค่ะ เพราะเป็นของเหลวที่มีกรดไฮโดรคลอริกและเอนไซม์ต่าง ๆ แต่บางครั้งที่เห็นเป็นสีเขียว/เหลืองชัดขึ้น อาจเกิดจากมีน้ำดีไหลย้อนขึ้นมาปน (reflux) ส่วนสีแดง/น้ำตาลเข้มอาจเกี่ยวข้องกับเลือดปน ซึ่งถ้าเกิดจริงควรพบแพทย์นะคะ 4) ตับอ่อนสร้างเอนไซม์อะไรบ้าง? ตับอ่อนเป็นพระเอกของลำไส้เล็กเลย เพราะส่ง “น้ำย่อยจากตับอ่อน” ไปช่วยย่อยอาหารหลัก ๆ ได้แก่ - อะไมเลสจากตับอ่อน (pancreatic amylase): ย่อยคาร์โบไฮเดรตต่อจากที่เริ่มในปาก - ไลเปส (lipase): ย่อยไขมัน - โปรตีเอสหลายชนิด (เช่น trypsin, chymotrypsin): ย่อยโปรตีน และยังหลั่งไบคาร์บอเนตช่วยปรับกรดจากกระเพาะให้ไม่เปรี้ยวเกินไป เพื่อให้เอนไซม์ในลำไส้เล็กทำงานได้ดี 5) ย่อยจนเป็นอะไร และดูดซึมตรงไหน? คาร์โบไฮเดรตจะถูกย่อยจนเป็นน้ำตาลโมเลกุลเดี่ยว (เช่น กลูโคส) แล้ว “ดูดซึมที่ลำไส้เล็ก” เป็นหลัก ส่วนลำไส้ใหญ่จะเด่นเรื่องดูดซึมน้ำและเกลือแร่ ทำให้อุจจาระเป็นก้อนก่อนออกทางไส้ตรงและทวารหนัก ถ้าจะสรุปสั้น ๆ แบบใช้ทำใบงาน: ปากเริ่มย่อยแป้ง → กระเพาะหยุด/ชะลอการย่อยคาร์บเพราะกรด → ลำไส้เล็กย่อยต่อแบบจริงจังด้วยเอนไซม์จากตับอ่อนและผนังลำไส้ แล้วดูดซึมสารอาหารค่ะ

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