trigonometry

2025/1/20 Edited to

... Read moreTrigonometry is a crucial branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles. When I first started learning trigonometry, I found that understanding its formulas and applications really helped me appreciate how math connects to real life. One topic that intrigued me was the exact value of expressions like cot(π/14), which can be approached through geometric interpretations or by applying trigonometric identities. Exploring such problems deepened my understanding of the unit circle and angle measures. Another interesting area is the study of chords within circles. For example, proving that when two equal chords intersect inside a circle, the segments of one chord are equal to the corresponding segments of the other became clearer after visualizing these relationships through diagrams and interactive tools. Trigonometric functions, such as sine, cosine, and tangent, form the core of this subject. Learning their formulas and practice in solving triangle problems, whether right-angled or oblique, helped me see their importance in various fields, including physics, engineering, and even computer graphics. Also, some advanced concepts like interpreting the imaginary unit i = √-1 geometrically appear in higher-level mathematics linked with trigonometry, making the study even richer. In my experience, combining theoretical study with practical examples — like measuring distances or angles in everyday scenarios — greatly improved my grasp of trigonometry and its usefulness. If you explore these areas step-by-step and use visual aids, you’ll find the subject much more accessible and rewarding.

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A handwritten math proof on lined paper, featuring a right triangle with an inscribed circle and labeled sides/angles. The page shows trigonometric equations and algebraic steps deriving the relationship CI * AB = AI * BI.
AB × CI = AI × BI, part 2
This is another proof of the following right triangle fact that uses some trigonometry. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A hand-drawn diagram of an oblique triangle with an inscribed circle and excenters, accompanied by mathematical formulas for triangle area and derivations for half-angle sine and exradii IB and IC, written on lined notebook paper.
Mathematical formulas on lined paper showing the half-angle trigonometric ratios for angle B, including sin(B/2), cos(B/2), tan(B/2), csc(B/2), sec(B/2), and cot(B/2) in terms of the triangle's sides.
Mathematical formulas on lined paper showing the half-angle trigonometric ratios for angle C, including sin(C/2), cos(C/2), tan(C/2), csc(C/2), sec(C/2), and cot(C/2) in terms of the triangle's sides.
Half-angle trig ratios for the other angles
In an oblique triangle, the six trigonometric ratios can be found in terms of the sides. These are for the angles labeled B and C. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on lined paper, showing the steps to find Pythagorean triples. It starts with a right-angled triangle labeled with sides a, b, and hypotenuse c, then derives the formulas a = m² - n², b = 2mn, and c = m² + n² from the Pythagorean theorem, with an example calculation for m=2, n=1 resulting in 3, 4, 5.
Deriving the formula to find Pythagorean triples
Given natural number m, n such that m > n > 0, then the derived formulae can be used to find Pythagorean triples. Pythagorean triples are sets of three whole numbers that satisfy the Pythagorean theorem. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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csc² ω = csc² A + csc² B + csc² C
ω is the Brocard angle of the triangle. A, B, C are the angle measures of the triangle. a, b, c are the side lengths of the triangle. L₁, L₂, L₃ are the lengths between the vertices and the Brocard point (labeled D). #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical proof on lined paper shows the derivation of csc ω = 2√2. It features a diagram of a heptagonal triangle with angles π/7, 2π/7, 4π/7, and a step-by-step derivation of the cosecant of its Brocard angle, ω, concluding with csc ω = 2√2.
csc ω = 2√2
Proof that the cosecant of the Brocard angle in the heptagonal triangle is 2√2. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical proof on paper demonstrating that the cotangent of the Brocard angle (W) in a heptagonal triangle is equal to √7. It includes a triangle diagram with angles π/7, 2π/7, 4π/7, and step-by-step trigonometric calculations.
cot ω = √7
Proof that the cotangent of the Brocard angle in the heptagonal triangle is √7. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on paper, illustrating a triangle with internal lines and angles, and showing the step-by-step proof that the cotangent of the Brocard angle (ω) equals the sum of the cotangents of the triangle's angles (A, B, C).
cot ω = cot A + cot B + cot C
The cotangent of the Brocard angle in a triangle is equal to the sum of the cotangents of the triangle’s angles. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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Handwritten math notes show a geometric proof involving a triangle, its incircle, and incenter. The derivation uses formulas for IA, IB, and inradius 'r' to establish the relationship IA · IB = IC · AB, as stated in the article.
AB × CI = AI × BI, part 3
This proof starts with the relations of IA and IB, where I is the incenter of the right triangle, and uses algebraic manipulation to get AB × IC. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten math proof on lined paper shows a triangle with its altitudes intersecting at the orthocenter. Ceva's Theorem is applied using trigonometric expressions for segment lengths, demonstrating that the product equals one, thus proving the concurrency of altitudes.
Proving orthocenter concurrency
The orthocenter is where the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. This fact is proven with Ceva’s theorem. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page showing mathematical formulas for triangle area and sine ratios. It includes Heron's formula, area formulas using sine, and derivations for sin A, sin B, sin C, and csc A, csc B, csc C in terms of the triangle's sides and semi-perimeter.
Sine ratios in terms of the triangle’s sides
In any oblique triangle, the sine ratios can be found in terms of the sides using the given formulae. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation of the sine double angle identity, sin B = 2 sin(B/2) cos(B/2), on grid paper. It features a right-angled triangle with labeled sides and angles, using geometric principles and algebraic steps to reach the final boxed identity.
Sine double angle identity derivation
Using established facts like the angle bisector theorem and the Pythagorean theorem, one can derive the sine double angle identity. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page displays a triangle diagram with an inscribed circle and its incenter. It illustrates the derivation of the inradius (IA) using the triangle's area formula and side lengths (a, b, c, and semi-perimeter s), concluding with the formula IA = sqrt(bc(s-a)/s).
Six half-angle trig identities in terms of sides
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Sides of a triangle in cosine form
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Proving incenter concurrency
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cot A + cot B + cot C, part 1
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A handwritten page displays a triangle diagram illustrating the Brocard angle ω, with segments L1, L2, L3 from the Brocard point to the vertices. Mathematical derivations lead to the formula 2R sin ω = ∛(L₁ × L₂ × L₃), relating the circumradius R, Brocard angle, and segment lengths.
2R sin ω = ∛(L₁ × L₂ × L₃)
The Brocard angle ω in a triangle. L₁, L₂, L₃ are the lengths of the segments from the Brocard point to the vertices. a, b, c are the side lengths of the triangle. A, B, C are the angle measures of the triangle. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page showing a geometric proof of Ceva's Theorem. It features a triangle ABC with cevians AX, BY, CZ intersecting at point P, along with auxiliary lines. Below the diagram are mathematical steps using similar triangles to derive the theorem's formula.
Proving Ceva’s theorem
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A diagram of triangle ABC with orthocenter O and orthic triangle DEF. Formulas for circumradius, area, and derivations for lengths OA, OB, OC are shown in terms of side lengths and area.
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Mathematical derivations for the side lengths of the orthic triangle, DE, EF, and FD, expressed in terms of the main triangle's side lengths a, b, and c.
Find lengths in terms of the sides
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A handwritten math solution on lined paper, featuring a triangle diagram with orthocenter (O) and circumcenter (P) labeled. It derives the formula for the squared distance between them, d² = 9R² - (a²+b²+c²), using trigonometric identities and cosine rules.
The distance between the orthocenter and the circumcenter of a triangle
In any acute triangle, the distance between the orthocenter and the circumcenter is found with quite a nice formula that relate the sides and the circumradius. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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Right triangle relations based on similarity
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A notebook page displays three sets of mathematical derivations for the area of a triangle (Δ). Each set shows the sum of two cotangent functions (cot A + cot B, cot B + cot C, cot C + cot A) expressed in terms of side lengths and area, leading to a formula for Δ.
Δ = c²/[2(cot A + cot B)]
Some more triangle area and angles identities derived from prior results. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation of the trigonometric identity cos(A+B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B. The derivation uses a triangle diagram, area formulas, and various trigonometric substitutions, progressing step-by-step to the final identity.
cosA × cos B - sin A × sin B = cos(A+B)
This is an obscure derivation of a well-known trigonometric identity. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten geometric proof of the Pythagorean theorem, a²+b²=c², is shown. It illustrates a large square formed by four right triangles with legs 'a' and 'b', and a smaller inner square with side 'c'. The area calculation (a+b)² = 4(½ab) + c² simplifies to the theorem.
Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, part 1
This is one of my favorite geometric proofs. It’s basically a square that’s twisted into a larger square so an equating of areas occurs. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page showing mathematical derivations of sine relations in a regular heptagon using Ptolemy's Theorem. It includes a heptagon diagram, algebraic steps, and various sine identities, with 'lemon8' and '@cubicequation' watermarks.
Sine relations in the regular heptagon
#mathematics #math #trigonometry #trig #geometry
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A handwritten page displays trigonometric relationships. It features a right-angled triangle defining sine, cosine, and tangent, a unit circle illustrating various ratios, and fundamental identities like sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, along with reciprocal and quotient identities.
Proving basic trigonometric relationships
In this post, the main six trigonometric ratios are shown why they interact as they do. The top half shows the traditional way. The bottom half shows how with similar triangles. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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Proving the Law of Cosines
This post shows a standard proof of the Law of Cosines in any oblique triangle. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page showing the initial steps of deriving Heron's formula. It includes a triangle with its circumcircle, the formula for the circumradius R, cosine rules, and the derivation of partial areas (Δa, Δb, Δc) using R and trigonometric identities.
Deriving Heron’s formula using the circumradius of the triangle
Heron’s formula is a useful formula to find the area of a triangle using only the triangle’s side lengths. This is a lesser-known derivation of the formula, but quite a cool one nonetheless. #math #maths #mathemati cs #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten derivation of the cosine double angle identity, `cos^2(B/2) - sin^2(B/2) = cos B`, on grid paper. It features a right-angled triangle with an angle bisector, applying the Pythagorean theorem and algebraic steps to reach the final identity.
Cosine double angle identity derivation
Using the angle bisector theorem and Pythagorean theorem, one can derive the cosine double angle identity. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten diagram illustrates a proof of the Pythagorean theorem. A large square, side 'c', contains four right triangles (legs 'a', 'b') and a central square (side 'b-a'). Equations below show the area calculation c² = 4(1/2 ab) + (b-a)² simplifying to c² = b² + a².
Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, part 3
Here’s another classic proof of the Pythagorean Theorem where four triangles are placed in such a way that a small square in the middle of them. From there, an equating of areas occurs. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page illustrates Garfield's Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. It features a geometric diagram of a trapezoid formed by three right triangles, alongside algebraic steps that equate the trapezoid's area to the sum of the triangles' areas, leading to the derivation of a² + b² = c².
Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem, part 2
This is an augmented version of the first proof discovered by US President James Garfield. By slicing the original diagram in half, a trapezoid is created with three right triangles overlaying it so an equating of areas can occur. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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sin³ ω = sin(C-ω) × sin(B-ω) × sin(Α-ω)
ω is the Brocard angle of ΔABC. a, b, c are the side lengths of the triangle. A, B, C are the angle measurements of the triangle. L₁, L₂, L₃ are the lengths of the segments between the Brocard points and the vertices. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on lined paper showing the distance between the orthocenter (O) and circumcenter (P) of a triangle. It uses the property a²+b²+c²=7R² to simplify Euler's theorem, concluding that OP = R√2 for a heptagonal triangle.
Simplifying the distance between two points in the heptagonal triangle
In a prior post, I derived the distance formula between the orthocenter and the circumcenter using a complicated argument involving similar triangles. In this post, I used a simple formula to get the required answer. #math #maths #maths #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical proof on lined paper, showing a right-angled triangle ABC with its incircle and inradius 'r'. The proof uses the semiperimeter 's' and algebraic steps to derive the identity IB * IC = (AB - AC) * IA, relating segments from the incenter to the vertices.
IC × IB = (AB - AC) × IA, part 2
This proof starts with an identity about the inradius of the right triangle and an identity about a segment connecting the incenter to the medium-sized angle. This proof seems more natural given that the semiperimeter is used more with oblique triangles than right triangles. #math #maths #m
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A notebook page displays handwritten mathematical derivations for the area of a triangle formula Δ = (abc)/(4R), including two triangle diagrams, trigonometric identities, and algebraic steps.
Δ = (abc)/(4R)
Given any triangle, the area of it can be found using the sides and the circumradius. This derivation of the formula isn’t a standard one, but it’s a fun one nonetheless. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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b²/a² + c²/b² + a²/c² = 5
#math #mathematics #maths #trigonometry #trig
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A hand-drawn diagram on lined paper illustrates the proof of tan⁻¹(1) + tan⁻¹(2) + tan⁻¹(3) = π. It uses a 3-4-5 right triangle with an inscribed circle and angles α, β, γ. Equations show how these angles relate to the inverse tangents, summing to π.
tan^-1(1) + tan^-1(2) + tan^-1(3) = π
The famed 3-4-5 right triangle is used to prove the following trigonometric identity true. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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4 × cos²(π/9) - √3/2 × csc(π/9) = 1
A proven relation from the regular nonagon. a = side length, b = short diagonal, c = medium diagonal, d = long diagonal & R = circumradius. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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Proof of the First Mollweide Formula
#math #maths #mathematics #trig #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on lined paper, showing a right triangle with an inscribed circle. It illustrates the relationship between the triangle's sides (a, b, c) and inradius (r), deriving the identity r(c+r) = (a-r)(b-r) through area calculations.
r(c+r) = (a-r)(b-r)
Given a right triangle, the following identities are true. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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The image displays handwritten mathematical derivations on a lined notebook page. It shows two geometric diagrams of triangles with labeled sides and angles. Calculations lead to the equation Wa² = 3c² - 2bc - b² from one triangle and 4hb² = 3c² - 2bc - b² from another, ultimately proving Wa = 2hb.
ωa = 2hb
The a, b in the formula above should be subscripts. In the regular heptagon and the heptagonal triangle, a = side length, b = length of short diagonal, c = length of long diagonal, ωa = length of angle bisector off smallest angle in heptagonal triangle and hb = length of altitude coming off side b
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A handwritten diagram shows an 80-80-20 isosceles triangle with sides 'd' and base 'a', inscribed in a circle with circumradius 'R'. Below it, the triangle's area formula `Δ = d/4 * sqrt(a(d+a))` is written.
Circumradius and inradius formulae
In the 80-80-20 triangle, the derived formulae can be used to find the lengths of the circumradius and the inradius. a & d are the side of the triangle and the lengths of the side length and the long diagonal in the regular nonagon. The 80-80-20 triangle is the central isosceles triangle of the
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A handwritten mathematical proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. It shows a right triangle with an inscribed circle, deriving the inradius formula and equating it with the area formula to algebraically prove a²+b²=c².
An uncommon proof of the Pythagorean Theorem
A proof of the famous theorem using inradius formulae for a right triangle. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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ωa = √(a(2a+b))
The a attached to ω should be subscripted. In the heptagonal triangle, a, b, c are the side lengths in order from least to greatest. ωa = length of the angle bisector coming off the angle opposite side a. #math #maths #mathematics #trigonometry #geometry
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mn = Δ
In any right triangle, the area of the triangle can be found using the hypotenuse when it’s spilt by the inradius. a, b & c are the side lengths of the right triangle. m, n are the lengths split by the inradius on the hypotenuse. r is the length of the inradius. Δ is the area of the right trian
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The image displays a parallelogram with sides 'a', 'b' and diagonals 'd1', 'd2', along with angles 'α' and '180-α'. Below, mathematical steps derive the Parallelogram Law, concluding with d1^2 + d2^2 = 2(a^2 + b^2).
Parallelogram Law with proof
#math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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How to integrate trigonometry function
#lemon8education #math #mathnotes #notes #lemon8challenge
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mn + bc cos A = h²
In any acute triangle, this relation is true #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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Handwritten math notes showing derivations for the area of an equilateral triangle, and the cosine rule for triangles with 120-degree and 60-degree angles, including diagrams and formulas.
Some formulae involving triangles
Derived here are three separate formulae involving triangles. The first one is the area for an equilateral triangle. The second one finds the side opposite of a 120° angle in a triangle. The third one finds the side opposite of a 60° angle in a triangle. #math #maths #mathematics #geom
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on lined paper, proving the trigonometric identity 4 cos²(2π/9) - √3/2 csc(2π/9) = 1. The steps involve substitutions related to geometric properties of a regular nonagon, ultimately simplifying to 1.
4 × cos²(2π/9) - √3/2 × csc(2π/9) = 1
A proven relation from the regular nonagon. a = side length, b = short diagonal, c = medium diagonal, d = long diagonal & R = circumradius. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page details trigonometric relations for a regular pentagon, using side 'a', diagonal 'b', and circumradius 'R'. It presents derivations and results for various sums and products of trigonometric functions (tan, sec, csc, cot) involving angles π/5 and 2π/5, such as 10 = tan²(π/5) + tan²(2π/5).
Trigonometric relations in the regular pentagon
In the regular pentagon, a = side length, b = length of the diagonal & R = length of the circumradius. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten page displays geometric diagrams of a regular heptagon with labeled sides and angles. Trigonometric identities for cos(π/7), cos(2π/7), and cos(3π/7) are derived. Calculations show that cos(π/7)cos(2π/7)cos(3π/7) = 1/8 and cos(π/7)cos(2π/7)cos(4π/7) = -1/8.
Some trigonometry in the regular heptagon
#trigonometry #algebra #geometry #heptagon
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A handwritten mathematical derivation on lined paper, showing a regular heptagon diagram with labeled sides 'a', 'b', 'c'. The derivation uses the Law of Cosines to prove that a specific length 'l' within the heptagon is equal to '2a', where 'a' is a side length.
2 in the regular heptagon, part 1
The distance from where the angle bisector coming off the smallest angle in the heptagonal triangle intersects with the shortest side (which is also a side length of the regular heptagon) to the opposite bottom of the vertex of the heptagon is exactly 2. Not many people know that fact. #math
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A handwritten mathematical derivation illustrating a triangle with its incircle and incenter, defining segments x, y, z. It shows the relationships between side lengths, semi-perimeter, and these segments, leading to formulas for tan(A/2) and cot(A/2) in terms of the inradius (r) and semi-perimeter related terms.
The triple cotangent identity
Several formulae are derived from locating the incenter of a triangle. The incenter is formed by the angle bisectors meeting concurrently. #math #maths #mathematics #geometry #trigonometry
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A handwritten mathematical proof demonstrating the derivation of the Second Mollweide Formula. It starts with the Law of Sines and uses trigonometric identities to arrive at (a-b)/c = sin((A-B)/2) / cos(C/2), which is highlighted in a box.
Proof of Second Mollweide Formula
#math #maths #mathematics #trig #trigonometry
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A hand-drawn diagram of triangle ABC with its orthocenter O and the orthic triangle DEF. It labels various angles, side lengths, and lists formulas for segments related to the orthocenter and the sides of the orthic triangle (DE, EF, FD).
Hand-written mathematical derivations applying Ptolemy's Theorem to find the lengths of sides EF and DF of the orthic triangle, concluding with EF = a cos A and DF = b cos B.
Hand-written mathematical derivations applying Ptolemy's Theorem to find the length of side DE of the orthic triangle, concluding with DE = c cos C.
Side length in the orthic triangle
The orthic triangle is the triangle made by connecting the points where each altitude meets their corresponding side. Since orthocenter is the common meeting point of the quadrilaterals, then three cyclic quadrilaterals are formed, so Ptolemy’s theorem can be used to find the lengths of the sides o
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