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Substances: Chemical composition and properties of gems

Chemical composition and properties of gems

In the world of gemology, visual beauty does not occur quietly, but as a result of complex chemical structures and the arrangement of atoms under enormous pressure and heat under the surface of the earth.

# # # Carbon and Oxide Groups: Definition of Strength

The best-known gem is * * Diamond (Diamond) * *, which is composed of pure carbon (C). It has the strongest bonding structure in nature, giving it a hardness value of 10, the highest of all minerals.

While * * ruby (Ruby) * * and * * sapphire (Sapphire) * * are classified in the corundum family mineral (Corundum), there is a chemical formula, Al2O3, a hardness of level 9, secondary to diamond, the red color of ruby is caused by chromium that replaces aluminium in the structure, the blue part of sapphire is caused by the interaction between iron and titanium.

# # # Beryl family: silicate diversity

* * Emerald * * and * * * Aquamarine * * * Despite the extreme differences in color, both are Beryl with the same Be3Al2 (SiO3) 6 chemical formula. The difference is in the Trace Elements, with emerald getting green from chromium or vanadium. Aquamarine gets blue from iron. It has a hardness of 7.5-8 0, which is suitable for jewelry, but be careful of the internal cracks that can easily occur in emerald.

# # # Crystals in silica and quartz groups

* * Amethyst (Amethyst) * * is a type of quartz whose unique purple SiO2 chemical formula is caused by iron (Fe3 +) and natural radiation exposure in rock strata. It has a level 7 hardness, which constitutes a benchmark that common sand dust (which is often quartz) cannot easily scratch.

While * * Opal (Opal) * * has an interesting chemical formula, SiO2.nH2O, due to the presence of water as a component in the structure (about 3-21%), beautiful play of color (Play of Color) is caused by diffraction of light through small, orderly aligned silica spheres.

# # # Complexity of other gem structures

* * * Spinel: * * * MgAl2O4 is a gem that is often mistaken for a ruby in ancient times, with a hardness of up to 8.0 and a beautiful symmetrical crystal structure.

* * * Tourmaline (Tourmaline): * * is a gem with one of the most complex chemical formulas (boron silicate), making it colorful, covering all shades in the spectrum.

* * * Zircon (

* * * Topaz (Topaz): * * Al2SiO4 (F, OH) 2 Gems with a hardness of level 8 stand out for their clarity and multicolour

# # # Gemstones from organisms and phosphate ore

* * Pearl is different from other crystals because it is an eagle. It contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with a hardness of only 2.5-4 .5, so it needs special care. * * Turquoise * * * CuAl6 (PO4) 4 (OH) 8.4H2O is a phosphate group ore with copper as a blue and iron as a green.

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Cr.Bunchong# Elemental gems # Jewel # Real gems # Trending # Lemon 8 Howtoo

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