When the global financial system began to shake,
🇺🇸 U.S.
Operator: Federal Reserve
The Crucial Period: After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 Period
QE Making Characteristics
• Purchase, government bonds and MBS (Mortgage)
• Main projects: QE1, QE2, QE3 and QE COVID range
Target
• Save the economy from recession
• Supporting financial and property markets
The result is
• Reduced long-term interest
• The stock market and real estate have recovered.
• Public debt and the Fed balance sheet expanded considerably.
🇪🇺 Europe (European Union)
Operator: European Central Bank
QE Making Characteristics
• Purchase of member government bonds
• Featured projects: Asset Purchase Programme (APP), Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP)
Target
• Prevent deflation
• Reducing the borrowing costs of countries with weak economies (e.g., Italy, Spain)
Challenges
• Be aware of the fiscal differences of each country.
• Risk of fiscal discipline debate
🇨🇳 China.
Operator: People's Bank of China
Characterization
• Do not use QE to print large bond purchases like US / Europe
• Use indirect tools such as
• Reduce the Bank Reserve Ratio (RRR)
• Targeted Lending
• Regulate loans through state banks
Target
• Support growth
• Control bubble risk and debt
Featured
• Control the direction of money at a very point
• But less transparency than Western countries
Overview summary
• US & Europe: Use "straightforward" QE to buy large assets
• China: Take a "point control" approach rather than a full QE.
• QE saves the economy well in crises, but long-term to watch out for, inflation, bubbles and debt.
In the future, holding cash alone is a huge risk.















































































