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Why do you have 7 colors?

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... Read moreเวลาพาเด็กๆดูรุ้งกินน้ำ เราชอบเริ่มจากคำถามง่ายๆ ว่า “ทำไมมันถึงเป็นหลายสีได้?” คำตอบหลักๆ คือ แสงอาทิตย์ที่เรามองว่าเป็นแสงสีขาว จริงๆ แล้วเป็นการรวมกันของหลายสี พอแสงไปเจอ “หยดน้ำ” ในอากาศ หยดน้ำทำหน้าที่เหมือนปริซึม (แท่งแก้วสามเหลี่ยม) เลยทำให้แสงแยกออกมาเป็นสีต่างๆ กระบวนการที่ทำให้เกิดรุ้งกินน้ำมี 3 ขั้นสำคัญๆ 1) การหักเห (Refraction) ตอนแสงจากดวงอาทิตย์ “เข้า” หยดน้ำ ความเร็วแสงเปลี่ยน ทำให้ทิศทางเบน 2) การสะท้อนภายใน (Internal Reflection) แสงบางส่วนสะท้อน “ด้านใน” ของหยดน้ำเหมือนกระจกเล็กๆ 3) การหักเหอีกครั้ง + การกระจายแสง (Dispersion) ตอนแสง “ออก” จากหยดน้ำ สีแต่ละสีหักเหไม่เท่ากัน เลยแยกออกจากกันให้เราเห็นเป็นแถบสี แล้วทำไมถึงมักพูดว่า “7 สี”? เพราะเป็นการแบ่งสีแบบที่คนคุ้นเคยและสอนกันง่าย (เหมาะกับการเรียนรู้ของเด็ก) ซึ่งลำดับสีรุ้งที่จำกันคือ: ม่วง-คราม-น้ำเงิน-เขียว-เหลือง-แสด-แดง (หรือจากด้านนอกเข้าด้านในมักเป็น แดง-แสด-เหลือง-เขียว-น้ำเงิน-คราม-ม่วง แล้วแต่วิธีสังเกต) ถ้าให้จำแบบท่อง เราจะให้เด็กๆไล่ทีละคำ: “ม่วง คราม น้ำเงิน เขียว เหลือง แสด แดง” หลายคนเจอคำถามว่า “สีรุ้งมี 8 สีได้ไหม?” ในความเป็นจริง สเปกตรัมของแสงเป็นสีต่อเนื่องมากๆ ไม่ได้มีเส้นแบ่งชัดว่าต้องเป็น 7 หรือ 8 สีเป๊ะๆ บางแหล่งจะนับเพิ่มสีฟ้า/ครามแยกละเอียด หรือเห็นเฉดมากกว่า 7 เพราะขึ้นกับสายตา ความเข้มของแสง และสภาพอากาศตอนนั้น แต่ในแบบเรียนทั่วไปจึงสรุปเป็น 7 สีเพื่อให้เข้าใจง่าย อีกเรื่องที่คนค้นหาบ่อยคือ “รุ้งกินน้ำ 2 เส้น” อันนี้เจอได้จริง เรียกว่า “รุ้งคู่” (Double rainbow) เส้นที่สองจะจางกว่า และลำดับสีจะสลับกลับกัน เพราะแสงเกิดการสะท้อนภายในหยดน้ำมากกว่าหนึ่งครั้ง ส่วนความเชื่อเรื่องรุ้งสองเส้นนั้นเป็นเรื่องเล่าตามวัฒนธรรม บางคนมองว่าเป็นลางดี แต่ถ้าอธิบายเชิงวิทย์ก็คือผลของแสงกับหยดน้ำล้วนๆ ทริคเล็กๆ ถ้าอยากเห็นรุ้งชัด: หันหลังให้ดวงอาทิตย์ แล้วมองไปยังบริเวณที่มีละอองน้ำ/ฝนพรำๆ หรือทำรุ้งแบบง่ายด้วยสายยางฉีดน้ำก็ได้ เด็กๆจะสนุกมากและเข้าใจภาพ “แสงอาทิตย์ส่องผ่านหยดน้ำเกิดการหักเหและกระจายแสง” ได้ทันที

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