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Teacher Noon explained... what is Ocean Freight?

2025/11/19 Edited to

... Read moreOcean Freight (บางคนเรียก Sea Freight) คือ “ค่าระวางเรือ” หรือค่าขนส่งทางเรือที่เราจ่ายให้สายเรือ/ผู้ให้บริการขนส่ง เพื่อพาตู้คอนเทนเนอร์จากท่าเรือต้นทางไปท่าเรือปลายทาง พูดง่ายๆ คือเป็นค่าเดินทางหลักของตู้บนเรือ ไม่รวมหลายค่าใช้จ่ายที่เกิดที่ท่าเรือหรือเอกสารอื่นๆ คำที่เจอบ่อยเวลาหาคำว่า “ค่าระวางเรือ ภาษาอังกฤษ” ก็คือ Ocean Freight / Sea Freight / Freight rate โดยในใบเสนอราคาอาจเขียนเป็น O/F (Ocean Freight) หรือ Freight Rate แยกตามชนิดตู้ เช่น 20’GP, 40’GP, 40’HC และบางครั้งจะแยกเป็นเรทแบบ “ต่อ 1 ตู้” หรือ “ต่อ 1 CBM/ตัน” (กรณี LCL) แล้ว “ค่า freight” คิดยังไง? จากประสบการณ์เวลาเทียบราคาให้ดู 4 อย่างนี้ก่อนค่ะ 1) เส้นทาง (POL/POD) และช่วงเวลา: เรทขึ้นลงตามฤดูกาล/พื้นที่ และบางเรทมีอายุสั้นมาก 2) ประเภทงาน: FCL (เหมาทั้งตู้) จะเป็นราคา/ตู้ ส่วน LCL (แชร์ตู้) จะคิดตาม CBM หรือ W/M (Weight/Measure) คือคิดตาม “น้ำหนักหรือปริมาตร อะไรสูงกว่า” 3) ขนาด/ประเภทตู้: 40’HC แพงกว่า 40’GP บางเส้นทาง และตู้พิเศษ (Reefer, Open Top) จะคนละเรท 4) รวม/ไม่รวม surcharge: บางเจ้าบอกราคา Ocean Freight ต่ำ แต่ไปบวกค่าอื่นทีหลัง ทำให้ทั้งบิลแพงขึ้น อีกจุดที่มือใหม่มักสับสนคือ Ocean Freight ไม่ใช่ “ค่าใช้จ่ายทั้งหมด” ของขนส่งทางเรือ เพราะยังมีค่าอื่น เช่น THC (ค่าดำเนินการท่าเรือ), Documentation, Seal, VGM, ค่าปล่อยตู้ ฯลฯ ดังนั้นเวลาเห็นคำว่า “ค่า freight เรือ” ให้ถามต่อว่า “เรทนี้รวมอะไรแล้วบ้าง” และ “ปลายทางมีค่า Local charges อะไร” เพื่อกันงบบานปลาย คำศัพท์เรือที่คนชอบค้นหา - Mother vessel vs Feeder vessel: Mother vessel คือเรือใหญ่เดินเส้นทางหลักระหว่างท่าใหญ่ๆ ส่วน Feeder vessel คือเรือเล็กวิ่งรับ-ส่งตู้จากท่าเล็กไปต่อเรือใหญ่ (หรือกลับกัน) ถ้าเป็นเส้นทางที่ต้องต่อเรือ ระยะเวลาและความเสี่ยงดีเลย์อาจเพิ่มขึ้น - WRS หมายถึงอะไร: ในงานขนส่งบางบริบท WRS อาจเป็นตัวย่อที่แต่ละสายเรือ/เอเจนต์ใช้ต่างกัน (เช่นชื่อ surcharge/บริการ/เงื่อนไขเรท) วิธีชัวร์สุดคือขอให้ผู้เสนอราคาอธิบายเต็มคำและบอกว่าคิดเป็นเงินเท่าไร ต่อหน่วยอะไร และคิดที่ต้นทางหรือปลายทาง ทริคเล็กๆ เวลาเทียบใบเสนอราคา: ขอให้ทุกเจ้าสรุปเป็นตารางเดียวกัน (Ocean Freight + surcharge สำคัญ + Local charges ต้นทาง/ปลายทาง) แล้วค่อยเทียบ “ต้นทุนรวมถึงท่า (to port)” จะเห็นภาพที่สุดค่ะ

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