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Record I / O Who doesn't matter!!

💧 Intake & Output: I & O

Short • clear • practical for nurses

1️⃣ I & O? How important?

I & O is not only "write down" but the body's Fluid Balance.

📌 Important formula

Intake - Output = Fluid Balance

• ➕ Positive Balance → Overwater Risk Swelling Heart Failure

• ➖ Negative Balance → Dehydration risk, shock, kidney failure

👉 Unlike Bladder Diary, which is used to diagnose urological problems (3-day record).

2️⃣. What recording?

⚠️ Count only the "measured fluid" (excluding sweat / breathing).

🔹 Intake (water intake substance)

• Drinking Water Soup

• IV fluids / IV meds

• Hose food

• Blood

• ⚠️ Semi-Liquid Foods to Count: Ice Cream, Jelly, Pudding, Yogurt

🔹 Output (water output)

• Urine

• Vomiting

• Blood / ulcer secretions-drainage cord

• Liquid stool

📏 Measurement Tips

• Use a container with scale

• Diaper → 1 g = 1 mL

• Ice chips → Think half of the container

3️⃣ Why I & O help prevent crises

Water Balance Waste → Direct Impact Electrolyte

🧂 Na | ❤️ K | ⚖️ Cl | 🦴 Mg, Phos

Risky groups need special surveillance.

• Kidney disease / heart disease

• Diuretics or IV fluids obtained

• Severe vomiting-diarrhea / NG tube

❗ Record miss = risk miss diagnosis

→ AKI, Hyponatremia, convulsions, seepage

4️⃣ Nursing Math to know.

Basic Conversion Unit

• 1 tsp = 5 mL | 1 Tbsp = 15 mL

• 1 oz = 30 mL | 1 cup = 240 mL

• 1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Safety Standard (TJC)

✔️ Put 0 in front of the decimal number → 0.6 mg.

❌ Do not put 0 after the point → 6 mg (not 6.0)

👶 Kids < 1 mL → Round 2 decimal places

5️⃣ Best Practice for Nursing

✅ Real-time record.

✅ explain the reason to the patient / relative.

✅ Use symbols / visual aids to reduce redundant tasks.

📌 Select only patient records that "need to control water substances."

6️⃣ Special Case: Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI)

🚨 high risk point to be precise.

• Use 3 liter saline bag, prevent dry bag

• Calculate the actual Urine output = Output - Irrigation input

• Input > Output → Stop flushing immediately

⚠️ Risk the bladder through.

7️⃣ Checklist send carpool (don't forget!)

☑️ Fluid Balance Total (+ / -)

☑️ Relief of the Line (IV / Catheter)

☑️ Quantity-frequency-secretion characteristics

☑️ Symptoms are associated with water substances (swelling, fatigue, strained skin).

🚩 The doctor's report immediately.

• UOP < 30 mL / h

• Tired, tight, damp lung from overwater

# NurseShortNote

# Nurse

# IntakeOutput

# IOChart

# FluidBalance

# Water balance

# IO recording

# Nursing

# NursingCare

# NursingKnowledge

# NurseEducation

# Patient Safety

# ClinicalNursing

# HighRiskPatient

# ICUNurse

# WardNurse

# NursingPractice

# Thai nurse

# Medical knowledge

2/6 Edited to

... Read moreหลายคนถามกันบ่อยว่า “Intake Output คืออะไร” และต้องบันทึกละเอียดแค่ไหนถึงจะช่วยทีมรักษาได้จริง จากที่ทำงานวอร์ดมา สิ่งที่ทำให้ I/O มีประโยชน์คือความ “สม่ำเสมอ + ตรวจสอบได้” ไม่ใช่แค่ยอดรวมสวยๆ ตอนตัดยอด 1) I/O balance คืออะไร และอ่านค่าอย่างไร I/O balance = Total intake – Total output ในช่วงเวลาที่กำหนด (เช่น 8 ชม. / 24 ชม.) - I/O positive คือ intake มากกว่า output (balance เป็นบวก) มักเจอในคนได้ IV เยอะ, ไตเริ่มทำงานลดลง, มีภาวะคั่งน้ำ ต้องดูอาการร่วม เช่น บวม น้ำหนักขึ้น หอบ แน่นหน้าอก ฟังปอดมี crackles - I/O negative คือ output มากกว่า intake (balance เป็นลบ) เจอได้ในคนท้องเสีย/อาเจียน, ได้ยาขับปัสสาวะ, ไข้สูง เสี่ยงขาดน้ำ ความดันตก เวียนหัว 2) UOP คืออะไร (Urine Output) และเกณฑ์ที่พบบ่อย UOP คือปริมาณปัสสาวะที่ออกต่อเวลา ใช้ประเมินการไหลเวียนเลือดไปไตและภาวะขาดน้ำ/ไตวายได้เร็วมาก - ในงานจริงจะเฝ้าระวัง UOP < 0.5 mL/kg/hr หรือแบบจำง่ายๆ “< 30 mL/ชม.” ในผู้ใหญ่ (ถ้าแพลนการรักษาให้คุมเข้ม) - Oliguria คือปัสสาวะน้อย (มักใช้เกณฑ์ < 400–500 mL/วันในผู้ใหญ่ หรือ <0.5 mL/kg/hr ต่อเนื่อง) ถ้าเริ่มเข้าเคสนี้ อย่ารอให้ครบวัน ควรเช็กสายสวน/การอุดตัน/การคั่งในถุงก่อน แล้วค่อยประเมินภาวะช็อก-ขาดน้ำ-ไต 3) Insensible loss สูตรต้องนับไหม? คำถามนี้เจอบ่อย: “insensible loss สูตรเท่าไหร่” โดยหลัก insensible loss คือการสูญเสียน้ำที่วัดไม่ได้ (หายใจ เหงื่อระเหย) ส่วนใหญ่ ‘ไม่ใส่ใน I/O chart มาตรฐาน’ เพราะวัดยากและทำให้ข้อมูลเพี้ยน แต่บางแผนการรักษา (เช่น ICU/ผู้ป่วยไหม้/ไข้สูงมาก) แพทย์อาจสั่งให้คำนวณเพิ่มเป็น estimate แยกต่างหาก คีย์คือทำตามแนวทางของหน่วยงาน และต้องระบุว่าเป็น “ประมาณการ” 4) ตัวอย่างการบันทึก I/O (สไตล์ที่อ่านง่ายตอนส่งเวร) - 08.00 ดื่มน้ำ 200 mL - 09.00 IV NSS 0.9% @ 80 mL/hr (ใส่ปริมาณที่ “ไหลเข้าจริง” ณ เวลาเช็ก) - 10.30 อาเจียน 150 mL (ถ้าวัดได้) - 12.00 อาหารทางสายยาง 250 mL + น้ำล้างสาย 50 mL - 14.00 ปัสสาวะ 300 mL (จากถุง urine bag) จากนั้นตัดยอดเป็นช่วง: Total intake / Total output / Balance และเขียนหมายเหตุถ้าค่าผิดปกติ 5) ทริคกันพลาดที่ทำให้ I/O น่าเชื่อถือขึ้น - ใช้ภาชนะมีสเกลเสมอ และตั้งจุดวัดเดียวกันทั้งทีม - ผ้าอ้อม: ชั่งหลังใช้ (หักน้ำหนักผ้าอ้อมแห้ง) 1 กรัม ≈ 1 mL จะช่วยในเคสผู้ป่วยซึม/เด็ก/ผู้สูงอายุ - Ice chips: มักคิดเป็น “ครึ่งหนึ่งของปริมาตร” เพื่อไม่ให้ intake เกินจริง - ระวังรายการที่คนชอบลืมนับเป็น intake: เยลลี่ ไอศกรีม โยเกิร์ต พุดดิ้ง และน้ำล้างสายให้อาหาร 6) เช็กสัญญาณที่ควรรายงาน (ผูกกับ I/O) ถ้า UOP ลดลงต่อเนื่อง, I/O positive มากผิดปกติร่วมกับเหนื่อย/ปอดชื้น หรือ I/O negative มากร่วมกับชีพจรเร็ว ความดันตก ผิวแห้ง ควรรีบรายงานแพทย์ พร้อมข้อมูลที่ครบ: เวลา, ปริมาณ intake/output ล่าสุด, vital signs และสิ่งที่สงสัย (เช่น สายสวนพับ/อุดตัน)

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