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The permutation problem of repetition is not as difficult as it seems!

2025/11/21 Edited to

... Read moreเวลาทำเรื่อง “ความน่าจะเป็น ม.5” หลายคนติดไม่ใช่เพราะสูตรความน่าจะเป็นยาก แต่ติดตั้งแต่ “นับจำนวนวิธี” ให้ถูกก่อน โดยเฉพาะบทหลักการนับ + การเรียงสับเปลี่ยนของซ้ำ (ตัวซ้ำ/ของเหมือนกัน) ซึ่งเป็นฐานสำคัญของข้อสอบ ม.5 เทอม 2 เลย 1) โครงหลักของโจทย์ความน่าจะเป็น (ที่เจอบ่อย) ผมใช้โครงนี้ตลอด: - หา “จำนวนวิธีทั้งหมด” (Sample space) = n(S) - หา “จำนวนวิธีที่ต้องการ” (Event) = n(A) แล้วค่อยเอาไปใส่สูตร P(A) = n(A)/n(S) จุดพลาดหลัก ๆ คือ n(S) หรือ n(A) นับผิด เพราะลืมว่ามีของซ้ำ/ของเหมือนกัน 2) จำให้แม่น: เรียงสับเปลี่ยนของซ้ำ (Multiset permutation) ถ้ามีของทั้งหมด n ชิ้น แต่มีของเหมือนกันซ้ำเป็นกลุ่ม ๆ เช่น ซ้ำ a ชิ้น, b ชิ้น, c ชิ้น … จำนวนวิธีเรียง = n! / (a! b! c! …) เหตุผลแบบบ้าน ๆ: ถ้าเราเผลอนับแบบ n! เรานับ “การสลับกันของของที่เหมือนกัน” ซ้ำเกินจริง เลยต้อง “หารทิ้ง” ด้วยแฟกทอเรียลของจำนวนที่ซ้ำ 3) ตัวอย่างที่ต่อยอดไปความน่าจะเป็นได้ทันที ตัวอย่าง 1: หนังสือ 6 เล่ม วางเรียงบนชั้น แต่มีเล่มเหมือนกัน 2 เล่ม จำนวนวิธี = 6!/2! นี่เป็นรูปแบบที่เจอบ่อยมากในโจทย์ “จัดเรียงของบนชั้นวางหนังสือ” ตัวอย่าง 2: คำว่า MATHEMATICS มีตัวซ้ำอะไรบ้าง? ให้ไล่ตัวอักษรที่ซ้ำก่อน (เช่น A ซ้ำ, M ซ้ำ ฯลฯ) แล้วค่อยใช้สูตร n!/(a!b!…) ทริกคือ “นับจำนวนรวม n ให้ชัวร์” แล้วค่อยเช็กตัวซ้ำทีละตัว จะลดความหลุด 4) เชื่อมเข้าโจทย์ความน่าจะเป็น: “สุ่มจัดเรียง” ถ้าโจทย์บอกว่า “สุ่มเรียงทั้งหมดอย่างเท่าเทียม” แปลว่า n(S) คือจำนวนเรียงทั้งหมด แล้ว n(A) คือจำนวนเรียงที่เข้าเงื่อนไข เช่น - ของซ้ำต้องอยู่ติดกัน - เล่ม/ตัวอักษรบางตัวต้องอยู่หัวหรือท้าย - ห้ามติดกัน พอมีของซ้ำ อย่าลืมว่าทั้ง n(S) และ n(A) ต้องใช้สูตรแบบหารแฟกทอเรียลเหมือนกัน 5) เช็กลิสต์กันพลาดก่อนส่งคำตอบ - โจทย์มี “ของเหมือนกัน” ไหม? (เหมือนกัน 2 เล่ม / ตัวอักษรซ้ำ) - นับ n ถูกหรือยัง (รวมทั้งหมดกี่ชิ้น) - เงื่อนไขทำให้ต้อง “จับกลุ่ม” ไหม (ติดกัน = มองเป็น 1 ก้อนก่อน) - ตอนคิด P(A) ใช้ n(A)/n(S) ถูกชุดไหม ถ้าทำให้เป็นนิสัยว่า “นับทั้งหมดก่อน แล้วค่อยนับที่ต้องการ” และเช็กของซ้ำทุกครั้ง เรื่องความน่าจะเป็น ม.5 จะง่ายขึ้นมาก โดยเฉพาะข้อที่ใช้หลักการนับกับการเรียงสับเปลี่ยนของซ้ำครับ

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