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Simple harmonic motion

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... Read moreถ้าเจอคำว่า Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) ในข้อสอบ ให้ตั้งหลักว่า “แรง/ความเร่งต้องแปรผันตรงกับการกระจัด และมีทิศกลับเข้าสมดุล” ซึ่งมักเขียนเป็น a = -\(\omega^2 x\) หรือ F = -kx (สำหรับสปริง) แค่นี้ก็พาเราไปถึงสูตรหลักเกือบทั้งหมดได้ 1) SHM คืออะไร (เช็กให้ชัวร์ก่อนใช้สูตร) - จุดสมดุลอยู่ที่ x = 0 - ถ้า x เป็นบวก ความเร่งต้องเป็นลบ (ดึงกลับ) และกลับกัน - รูปร่างกราฟ: x(t) เป็นไซน์/โคไซน์, v(t) เลื่อนเฟส 90°, a(t) ตรงข้ามเฟสกับ x(t) 2) สมการการเคลื่อนที่ที่ใช้บ่อย - ตำแหน่ง: x(t) = A cos(\(\omega t + \phi\)) (หรือ sin ก็ได้) - ความเร็ว: v(t) = -A\(\omega\) sin(\(\omega t + \phi\)) - ความเร่ง: a(t) = -A\(\omega^2\) cos(\(\omega t + \phi\)) = -\(\omega^2 x\) สิ่งที่ชอบออก: ค่าสูงสุด - x_max = A - v_max = A\(\omega\) - a_max = A\(\omega^2\) 3) สูตรคาบ/ความถี่ (จำแยก “สปริง” กับ “ลูกตุ้ม”) - มวลติดสปริง: \(\omega=\sqrt{k/m}\), \(T=2\pi\sqrt{m/k}\), \(f=1/T\) - ลูกตุ้มอย่างง่าย (มุมแกว่งเล็ก): \(\omega=\sqrt{g/\ell}\), \(T=2\pi\sqrt{\ell/g}\) ทริก: ลูกตุ้ม “ไม่ขึ้นกับมวล” แต่ “ขึ้นกับความยาวลวด” และต้องมุมเล็กถึงจะใช้สูตรนี้ตรง ๆ 4) สูตรพลังงานช่วยทำโจทย์เร็วมาก - พลังงานรวมคงที่: E = \(\tfrac12 kA^2\) - ณ ตำแหน่ง x: U = \(\tfrac12 kx^2\), K = E - U - สูตรลัดที่ออกบ่อย: v^2 = \(\omega^2 (A^2 - x^2)\) เวลาโจทย์ให้ “ตอนผ่านตำแหน่ง x มีความเร็วเท่าไร” ใช้บรรทัดนี้จบไว 5) การต่อสปริง (ออกบ่อยเพราะหาค่า k รวมก่อน) - อนุกรม: \(\frac{1}{k_{eq}}=\frac{1}{k_1}+\frac{1}{k_2}+...\) (k รวม “น้อยลง” สปริงนิ่มขึ้น) - ขนาน: \(k_{eq}=k_1+k_2+...\) (k รวม “มากขึ้น” แข็งขึ้น) แล้วค่อยเอา k_eq ไปแทนใน \(T=2\pi\sqrt{m/k}\) 6) แนวทำโจทย์ SHM แบบที่ผมใช้ประจำ (1) ระบุระบบ: สปริงหรือลูกตุ้ม? ต้องหาค่า \(\omega\) หรือ T ก่อน (2) เขียนความสัมพันธ์หลัก: a = -\(\omega^2 x\) หรือใช้พลังงาน v^2 = \(\omega^2(A^2-x^2)\) (3) อ่าน “สิ่งที่โจทย์ให้” ให้เป็น A, x, v, t, เฟส \(\phi\) - ถ้าโจทย์ให้สภาวะเริ่มต้น (เช่น t=0 แล้ว x=... v=...) ค่อยหา \(\phi\) จากสองสมการ (4) ตรวจหน่วย: \(\ell\) เป็นเมตร, g ~ 9.8 หรือ 10, k เป็น N/m เสริมเล็กน้อย: คำว่า “harmonic” ในบริบทฟิสิกส์คือการสั่นแบบเป็นคาบ/ไซน์ ไม่ใช่ความหมายทางการแพทย์ที่บางคนค้นเจอปน ๆ กัน ดังนั้นถ้าโจทย์พูดถึงการสั่นของสปริง/ลูกตุ้ม ให้ยึดนิยาม SHM และสูตรด้านบนเป็นหลัก

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